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Education in Guerrilla Territory Under a Regime of Enemy Occupation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Elmer N. Lear
Elmer N. Lear*
Affiliation:
Wagner College
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Extract

The Fate of Education in a land brought under enemy occupation is a matter of perennial interest. Here, we shall concern ourselves with the educational policies of the resistance leaders on the Island of Leyte, the Philippines, during World War II. A brief prefatory statement regarding the military situation at that time is in order.

The Japanese assault upon the Philippines was launched concomitantly with the attack on Pearl Harbor. Leyte fell to the invader in May of 1942. The Japanese immediately proceeded to set up a puppet provincial government and subjected the municipalities to its control. One of the conqueror's prime objectives was the restoration of stability, so that full integration into the New Imperial Order could be accomplished. To this end, the Japanese command early sponsored reopening of the schools–albeit, with curricular changes conformable to imperial aims.

Type
Education in the East II
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , Fall 1967 , pp. 312 - 328
Copyright
Copyright © 1967 by New York University 

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References

Notes

1. For a more complete statement, interested readers are directed to the author's “Collaboration in Leyte, the Philippines, Under Japanese Occupation.” Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. XI, No. 2.Google Scholar

2. During the first months of the occupation, the Japanese did not come in force to the west coast of Leyte. The town center (problacion) of Ormoc, was the main exception. Consequently there was not too much confiscation of public school equipment and no censoring of textbooks.Google Scholar

3. An intelligence report of the guerrilla 94th Infantry Regiment alluded to the source of supplies: 14 July, 1943 To:AC of S, G-2, 92d Inf. Div. Report of July 1-15, 1943. S-2, 94th Inf. Similarly, a memorandum from an East Leyte guerrilla militia commander to his sector chief Dulag: 6 April, 1943 To: “Brig. Gen.” Villegas From: “Maj. Gen.” Gallego.Google Scholar

4. Sotto, Felix “Brief History, 6th Infantry, WLGWF,” Albuera, Leyte (typewritten), 1945, p. 3.Google Scholar

5. De La Cruz, S., “Narrative and Inspection, Report of Schools of Albuera, Leyte” to Adjutant General.Google Scholar

6. Serviliano De La Cruz to the Military Municipal Mayor, March 13, 1943.Google Scholar

7. Calabia, Pedro Municipal Secretary, Resolution No. 5, March 19,1943.Google Scholar

8. Calabia, Pedro Municipal Secretary, Resolution No. 9, April 6,1943.Google Scholar

9. Calabia, Pedro Municipal Secretary, Resolution No. 10, April 6, 1943.Google Scholar

10. Calabia, Pedro Municipal Secretary, Resolution No. 18, June 15, 1943.Google Scholar

11. Serviliano De La Cruz, to all teachers and others, January 21,1943.Google Scholar

12. “Narrative and Inspection, Report of Schools of Albuera, Leyte.”Google Scholar

13. Serviliano De La Cruz, to all teachers and others, January 21, 1943.Google Scholar

14. “Narrative and Inspection, Report of Schools of Albuera, Leyte.”Google Scholar

15. Ibid. Google Scholar

16. Kapili, F. “Acting Division Superintendent,” Annual Report for the Academic Year, 1943-1944, August 1,1944.Google Scholar

17. Laguitan, Usualdo F. 1st Lt. A.G.S., to all regimental commanders, WLGWF, 23 April, 1943.Google Scholar

18. Ricarte Maj., Mayo M., Q.M.S., Memorandum to Col. Flores, Inf., October 25,1942.Google Scholar

19. Potente, Enrique “A Chronicle to his Friend, Mr. E. Lear,” Tacloban, Leyte (typewritten), September 6, 1945, p. 13.Google Scholar

20. Aurillo, Francisco “The Philippine Resistance Movement, Abuyog Version,” Abuyog, Leyte (typewritten), 1945, p. 5.Google Scholar

21. Provincial Board of Free Leyte, Resolution No. 200.Google Scholar

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24. Provincial Board of Free Leyte, Resolution No. 218.Google Scholar

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26. Tugado, Anglesio Leyte Elementary School Principal, to Division Superintendent of Schools, November 19,1942.Google Scholar

27. Report of September 1943.Google Scholar

28. Kapili, F. Acting Division Superintendent, to Director of Public Instruction, Manila, July 1,1943.Google Scholar

29. Report of December 1943.Google Scholar