Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T17:11:35.499Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Major Catholic-Liberal Educational Philosophers of the Italian Risorgimento

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Anthony Scarangello
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

How much, if any, religion ought to be taught in the State schools? Are State schools to be preferred over private schools—or vice versa? In education, is a State that is allied with the Church to be preferred over one that is separated from it? Aren't the aims and objectives of modern education based, as they ought to be, on reason, contradictions of Catholic education based, as it must be, on faith? These questions, which Italians continue to discuss with both emotion and intelligence, were as real during the Risorgimento as they are today.

Type
Research Article
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 4 , Issue 4 , December 1964 , pp. 232 - 250
Copyright
Copyright © 1964, University of Pittsburgh Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Borghi, Lamberto, Education and Authority in Modern Italy (Doctor's dissertation, The New School for Social Research, New York, 1948), 48. Later published in Italy as Educazione e autorita nell'Italia moderna (Firenze, 1951).Google Scholar

2. Ibid.Google Scholar

3. Ibid., 49.Google Scholar

4. Ibid., 49–50.Google Scholar

5. See especially Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum, May 15, 1891.Google Scholar

6. Borghi, op. cit., 50.Google Scholar

7. Angeleri (ed.), Paolo, Corso completo di preparazione ai concorsi magistrali (Bergamo, 1954), 77.Google Scholar

8. Rosmini, Antonio, Delle cinque piaghe della Chiesa (Bompiani, 1943), passim.Google Scholar

9. Borghi, , op. cit., 65.Google Scholar

10. Sturzo, Luigi, Church and State (South Bend, 1962), 419.Google Scholar

11. Gioberti, Vincenzo, I. Educazione e scuola II. Del primato morale e civile degli Italiani; III. Prolegomeni del Primato morale e civile degli Italiani; IV. Del Rinnovamento civile d'Italia (excerpts from each of the foregoing) in Lamberto Borghi (ed.), Il Risorgimento, (Firenze, coedizioni, 1958), 175–215.Google Scholar

12. Carlo Jemolo, Arturo, Chiesa e stato in Italia negli ultimi cento anni (Giulio Einaudi, editore, 1955), 123.Google Scholar

13. Gioberti, Vincenzo, Del primato morale e civile degli Italiani (Torino, 1920), passim. Google Scholar

14. Olschki, Leonardo, The Genius of Italy (London, 1950), 446.Google Scholar

15. Borghi, Lamberto, op. cit., 73.Google Scholar

16. Gioberti, Vincenzo, Del rinnovamento civile d'Italia (Firenze, 1925).Google Scholar

17. Jemolo, , op. cit., 123.Google Scholar

18. Ciranna, Corrado, Prontuario di frasi pedagogiche (Siracusa e Milano, 1957), 44.Google Scholar

19. Ibid., 42.Google Scholar

20. Gentile, Giovanni, I profeti del Risorgimento Italiano (Firenze, 1928), 91–164.Google Scholar

21. Ibid., 100.Google Scholar

22. Ibid., 101.Google Scholar

23. Quoted by Giovanni Gentile in ibid., 108.Google Scholar

24. Gentile, op. cit., 109.Google Scholar

25. Quoted by Giovanni Gentile in ibid., 111.Google Scholar

26. Gentile, op. cit., 111.Google Scholar

27. Ibid.Google Scholar

28. Codignola, Ernesto, Maestri e problemi dell'educazione moderna (Firenze, 1951), 74. Codignola's essay on Lambruschini's educational thought is worthy of note, 74–99.Google Scholar

29. Borghi, , op. cit., 51.Google Scholar

30. Angeleri, , op. cit., 52.Google Scholar

31. Ibid.Google Scholar

32. Roberto Mazzetti in Giovanni Calo and Roberto Mazzetti, Pedagogia e scuola in Italia (Milano, 1954), 106.Google Scholar

33. Lambruschini, Raffaello, “Sulla liberta d'Insegnamento,” in Borghi, Lamberto (ed.), Il Risorgimento (Firenze, 1958), 220–25.Google Scholar

34. Ibid., 217–62.Google Scholar

35. Mazzetti, , op. cit., 106.Google Scholar

36. Quoted by Codignola, op. cit., 201.Google Scholar

37. He was opposed, for example, to Article 1 of the Statuto del regno di sardegna (1848) known also as the Albertine Constitution, after Carlo Alberto of the House of Savoy, king of Sardinia (the title being supplanted in 1861 by that of king of Italy). Article 1 reads: “La Religione Cattolica, Apostolica e Romana e la sola Religione dello Stato. Gli altri culti ora esistenti sono tollerati confermemente alle leggi.” (“The Catholic religion, apostolical and Roman, is the only State religion. Other cults now existent will be tolerated in conformity with the laws.”) The text of the Albertine Constitution appears in Giuseppe Talamo (ed.), Gli Ideali del Risorgimento e dell'unita (Roma, 1961), 191–98. Similarly, Lambruschini probably would have opposed a similar provision of the present Italian Constitution, adopted in 1947. Article 7 states that the state and the Catholic Church are, each in its own sphere, independent and sovereign. (Separation of Church and State is implicit here, it would seem.) However, the same article states “Their relations are regulated by the Lateran Pacts.” Since the Lateran Pacts make Catholicism the State religion, Article 7 is contradictory. (It was accepted, as a matter of fact, only after lengthy and heated debate.) The text of the Constitution appears in the above-cited volume, 199–222.Google Scholar

38. Quoted by Codignola, op. cit., 202.Google Scholar

39. Ibid.Google Scholar

40. Ibid.Google Scholar

41. Ibid.Google Scholar

42. Ibid.Google Scholar

43. Quoted by Corrado Ciranna, Prontuario di frasi pedagogiche (Siracusa and Milano, 1957), 42.Google Scholar

44. Ibid., 44.Google Scholar

45. Lambruschini, Raffaello, “La liberta religiosa e la Chiesa protetta” in Volpicelli, Luigi (ed.), La scuola tra stato e chiesa (Roma, 1961), 143–44. Also, see 139–49.Google Scholar

46. See especially selections from Lambruschini's pedagogical writings in Lamberto Borghi (ed.), Il Risorgimento (Firenze, 1958), 217–62.Google Scholar

47. De Bartolomeis, Francesco, Educatori moderni (Rimini, 1952), 77.Google Scholar

48. Ibid., 81.Google Scholar

49. Dawson, Christopher, The Crisis of Western Education (New York, 1961).Google Scholar

50. See especially Chapter 6, “Cosmic Reverence,” in Robert Ulich, Philosophy of Education (New York, 1961), 116–39.Google Scholar

51. Bartolomeis, De, op. cit., 81.Google Scholar

52. Ibid.Google Scholar

53. Quoted in ibid., 82.Google Scholar

54. Ibid.Google Scholar

55. Quoted in De Bartolomeis, op. cit., 84.Google Scholar

56. Ibid., 94.Google Scholar

57. Ibid.Google Scholar

58. Ibid.Google Scholar

59. Ibid., 97.Google Scholar

60. Ibid.Google Scholar

61. For a period in 1848, Capponi served as president of Tuscany, and, later, as senator,Google Scholar

62. Capponi, Gino I. “Gli Istituti di Hofwil” II. “Lettera a Raffaello Lambruschini,” III. “Pensieri sull' educazione,” in Lamberto Borghi (ed.), Il Risorgimento (Firenze, 1958), 263–305.Google Scholar

63. Angeleri, , op. cit., 54.Google Scholar

64. Capponi, Gino, quoted in ibid.Google Scholar

65. Capponi, Gino, Frammento sull'educazione (Palermo, 1952), 9. This edition of Capponi's most important educational work contains a brief introduction and notes by V. Fazio-Allmayer. The Frammento was written in 1841 and published anonymously in 1845 in Switzerland. The present writer hopes to translate the work into English, for it has been called the most important pedagogical work of the first half of the nineteenth century in Italy.Google Scholar

66. Codignola, , op. cit., 100. See also the essay, “Il pensiero pedagogico del Capponi,” in the same volume, 100–26.Google Scholar

67. “La mente non si persuade con la sferza, ed il cuore non si riforma con la prigionia e col fuoco,” in Ernesto Codignola's introduction to Gino Capponi, Sull'educazione e scritti minori (Firenze, 1923), 9.Google Scholar

68. Corporal punishment was then the rule, not the exception.Google Scholar

69. Ibid., 10.Google Scholar

70. Quoted in ibid., 12.Google Scholar

71. Codignola, , op. cit., 15.Google Scholar

72. Ibid., 18.Google Scholar

73. Fazio-Allmayer, V. in his introduction to Gino Capponi, Frammento sull'educazione (Palermo, 1952) 7.Google Scholar

74. Capponi, Gino, Frammento sull'educazione (Palermo, 1952), 9–10.Google Scholar

75. Ibid., 59.Google Scholar

76. Ibid., 59–60.Google Scholar

77. Ibid., 60.Google Scholar

78. Ibid.Google Scholar

79. Ibid.Google Scholar

80. Ibid., 63; explanatory note by V. Fazio-Allmayer.Google Scholar

81. Capponi, , op. cit., 64–65.Google Scholar

82. Ibid., 65.Google Scholar

83. Ibid.Google Scholar

84. Ibid., 70.Google Scholar

85. Ibid.Google Scholar

86. Ibid., 70; explanatory note by V. Fazio-Allmayer.Google Scholar