Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T08:35:11.815Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An Introductory Review of our Present Understanding of the Structure and Composition of Uranus’ Atmosphere

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2016

Michael J. S. Belton*
Affiliation:
Kitt Peak National Observatory, †Tucson, Arizona 85726

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Measurements of the gross properties of Uranus are enough to show that it is a planet with quite unique characteristics. The best estimates of its radius (24900 km; Danielson, Tomasko and Savage, 1972) and of its mass (14.54 Earth masses; Klepczynski, Seidelmann and Duncombe, 1970) imply an interior structure and overall composition that set it clearly apart from Jupiter and Saturn (Hubbard and MacFarlane, 1980).

Type
Present Knowledge of Uranus
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

References

Belton, M. J. S., McElroy, M. B., and Price, M. J. (1971) “The Atmosphere of Uranus,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 164, 191209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belton, M. J. S., and Spinrad, H. (1973) “H Pressure-Induced Lines in the Spectra of the Major Planets,” Astrophy. Journ., Vol. 185, 363372.Google Scholar
Belton, M. J. S., Wallace, L., and Price, M. J. (1973) “Observation of the Raman Effect in the Spectrum of Uranus,” Astrophys. Journ. (Letters), Vol. 184, L143L146.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, G. (1978) “Far Infrared Absorption in H2 and H2 - He Mixtures,” J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, Vol. 19, 5162.Google Scholar
Brault, J. W., and Smith, W. H. (1980) “Determination of the H 4 -0S(1) Quadrupole Line Strength and Pressure Shift,” Astrophys. Journ. (Letters), Vol. 235, L177L178.Google Scholar
Briggs, F. H. (1973) “Observations of Uranus and Saturn by a New Method of Radio Interferometry of Faint Moving Sources,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 182, 9991011.Google Scholar
Capone, L. A., Whitten, R. C., Prasad, S. S., and Dubach, J. (1977) “The Ionosphere of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 215, 977983.Google Scholar
Courtin, R., Gautier, D., and Lacombe, A. (1978) “On the Thermal Structure of Uranus from Infrared Measurements,” Astron. and Astrophys., Vol. 63, 97101.Google Scholar
Dalgarno, A., and Allison, A. C. (1969) “Rotation-Vibration Quadrupole Matrix Elements and Quadrupole Absorption Coefficients of the Ground Electronic States of H2, HD and D2 ,” J. Atmos. Sci., Vol. 26, 946951.Google Scholar
Danielson, R. E., Tomasko, M. G., and Savage, B. D. (1972) “High Resolution Imagery of Uranus Obtained by Strato’scope II,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 178, 887900.Google Scholar
Danielson, R. E. (1974) “The Visible Spectrum of Uranus,” Astrophys. Journ. (Letters), Vol. 192, L107L110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danielson, R. E. (1975) “The Structure of the Atmosphere of Uranus,” in “The Atmosphere of Uranus,” Ed. Hunten, D. M., NASA Ames Workshop Proceedings.Google Scholar
Danielson, R. E., Cochran, W. D., Wannier, P. G., and Light, E. S. (1977) “A Saturation Model of the Atmosphere of Uranus” Icarus, Vol. 31, 97109.Google Scholar
Dunham, D. W. (1971) “The Motions of the Satellites of Uranus,” Ph. D. Thesis, Yale University.Google Scholar
Dunham, E., Elliot, J. L., and Gierasch, P. J. (1980) “The Upper Atmosphere of Uranus: Mean Temperature and Temperature: Variations,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 235, 274284.Google Scholar
Fink, U., Benner, D. C., and Dick, K. A. (1977) “Band Model Analysis of Laboratory Methane Absorption Spectra from 4500 to 10,500Å,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., Vol. 18, 447457.Google Scholar
Fink, U., and Larson, H. P. (1979) “The Infrared Spectra of Uranus, Neptune and Titan from 0.8 to 2.5 Microns,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 233, 10211040.Google Scholar
Gillett, F. C., and Rieke, G. H. (1977) “5 - 20 Micron Observations of Uranus and Neptune,” Astrophys. Journ. (Letters), Vol. 218, L141L144.Google Scholar
Giver, L. P. (1978) “Intensity Measurements of the CH4 Bands in the Region 4350A to 10,600A,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, Vol. 19, 311322.Google Scholar
Gulkis, S. (1975) “Microwave Radiometry and Implications,” in “The Atmosphere of Uranus,” Ed. Hunten, D. M., NASA Ames Workshop Proceedings.Google Scholar
Gulkis, S., Janssen, M. A., and Olsen, E. T. (1978) “Evidence for the Depletion of Ammonia in the Uranus Atmosphere,” Icarus, Vol. 34, 1019 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, W. B., and MacFarlane, J. J. (1980) “Structure and Evolution of Uranus and Neptune,” J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 85, 22 Google Scholar
Hubbard, W. B., and MacFarlane, J.J. (1981) “Theoretical Predictions of Deuterium Abundances in the Jovian Planets,” preprint.Google Scholar
Hunten, D. M. (1981) “Deep Atmospheric Temperatures for Uranus and Neptune,” Private communication, unpublished.Google Scholar
Joyce, R. R., Pilcher, C. B., Cruikshank, D. P., and Morrison, D. (1977) “Evidence for Weather on Neptune I,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 214, 657662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, M. J., and Turanago, J. A. (1978) “Evidence of an Increase in the Microwave Brightness Temperature of Uranus,” Astrophys. Journ. (Letters), Vol. 224, L31L34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klepczynski, W. J., Seidelmann, P. K., and Duncombe, R. L. (1970) “The Masses of Saturn and Uranus,” Astron. Journ., Vol. 75, 739742.Google Scholar
Lutz, B. L., Owen, Tobias, and Cess, R. D. (1976) “Laboratory Band Strengths of Methane and their Application to the Atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Titon,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 203, 541551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macy, W. W., and Sinton, W. M. (1977) “Detection of Methane and Ethane Emission on Neptune but not on Uranus,” Astrophys. Journ. (Letters), Vol. 218, L79L81.Google Scholar
Macy, W. W. (1979) “On the Clouds of Uranus,” Icarus, Vol. 40, 213222.Google Scholar
Macy, W. W., Sinton, W. M., and Beichman, C. A. (1980) “Five-Micrometer Measurements of Uranus and Neptune,” Icarus, Vol. 42, 6870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McElroy, M. B. (1973) “The Ionosphere of the Major Planets,” Space Science Rev., Vol. 14, 460473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michalsky, J. J., and Stokes, R. A. (1977) “Wholedisk Polarization Measurements of Uranus at Visible Wavelengths,” Astrophys. Journ. (Letters), Vol. 213, L135L137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, D., and Cruikshank, D. P. (1973) “Temperature of Uranus and Neptune at 2.4 Microns,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 179, 329331.Google Scholar
Pilcher, C. B., Morgan, J. S., Macy, W. W., and Kunkle, T. D. (1979) “Methane Band Limb-Brightening on Uranus,” Icarus, Vol. 39, 5464.Google Scholar
Price, M. J., and Franz, O. G. (1979) “Uranus: Disk Structure within the 7300Å Methane Band,” Icarus, Vol. 39, 459472.Google Scholar
Prinn, R. G., and Lewis, J. S. (1973) “Uranus Atmosphere: Structure and Composition,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 179, 333342.Google Scholar
Savage, B. D., Cochran, W. D., and Wesselius, P. R. (1980) “Ultraviolet Albedos of Uranus and Neptune,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 237, 627632.Google Scholar
Silvaggio, P. M. (1977) “Experimental Determination of Molecular Absorption Coefficients for Methane and Ammonia at Low Temperatures and Model Atmospheres for the Major Planets,” Ph. D. Thesis, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M. (1972) “Limb and Polar Brightening of Uranus at 8870Å,” Astrophys, Journ. (Letters), Vol. 176, L131L133.Google Scholar
Smith, W. H., Macy, W. W., and Pilcher, C. B. (1980) “Measurements of the H4 - 0 Quadrupole Bands of Uranus and Neptune,” Icarus, Vol. 43, 153160.Google Scholar
Stier, M. T., Traub, W. A., Fozio, G. G., Wright, E. L., and Low, F. J. (1978) “For Infrared Observations of Uranus, Neptune, and Ceres,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 226, 347349.Google Scholar
Trafton, L. (1967) “Model Atmospheres of the Major Planets,” Astrophys. Journ., Vol. 147, 765781.Google Scholar
Trafton, L. (1972) “On the Methane Opacity for Uranus and Neptune,” Astrophys. Journ. (Letters), Vol. 172, L117L120.Google Scholar
Trafton, L. (1976) “The Aerosol Distribution in Uranus’ Atmosphere: Interpretation of the Hydrogen Spectrum,” Astrophys, Journ., Vol. 207, 10071024.Google Scholar
Trafton, L. and Ramsay, D. A. (1980) “The D/H Ratio in the Atmos phere of Uranus: Detection of the R5(1) Line of HD,” Icarus, Vol. 41, 423429.Google Scholar
Trauger, J. T., Roesler, F. L., and Mickelson, M. (1977) “The D/H Ratio on Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus Based on New HD and H Data,” Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc, Vol. 9, 516. 2 Google Scholar
Wallace, L. (1975) “On the Thermal Structure of Uranus,” Icarus, Vol. 25, 538544.Google Scholar
Wallace, L., (1980) “The Structure of the Uranus Atmosphere,” Icarus, Vol. 43, 231259.Google Scholar
Younkin, R. L. (1970) “Spectrophotometry of the Moon, Mars and Uranus,” Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar