Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T16:01:35.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

SPOILED GUESTS OR DEDICATED PATRIOTS? THE CHINESE IN NORTH VIETNAM, 1954–1978

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2009

Xiaorong Han
Xiaorong Han
Affiliation:
Butler University E-mail xhan1@butler.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the triangular relationship among the Chinese community of northern Vietnam, the North Vietnamese government, and China, focusing in particular on how the relationship affected the ethnic and national identities of Chinese residents in North Vietnam between 1954 and 1978. Scrutiny of the two important issues of citizenship and the Chinese school system reveals that North Vietnamese leaders adopted lenient policies toward Chinese residents mainly because they saw the relationship between the Vietnamese state and the Chinese community as part and parcel of North Vietnam's relationship with China. These policies ultimately contributed to a delay in the assimilation of Chinese residents, and by the end of the 1970s they still had not completed the transformation from well-treated sojourners into citizens of Vietnam. Though many Chinese residents embraced a status of privileged outsider, others willingly participated on Vietnam's behalf in the war against America. After reunification, the desire to clarify loyalty, i.e. to “purify” the nation-state, led the Vietnamese government to initiate an aggressive process of forced assimilation. This policy, and the deterioration of relations between Vietnam and China in the late 1970s, triggered an exodus of Chinese residents.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 6 , Issue 1 , January 2009 , pp. 1 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Amer 1991 Amer, Ramses. The Ethnic Chinese in Vietnam and Sino-Vietnamese Relations. Kuala Lumpur: Forum, 1991.Google Scholar
Barlow 1979 Barlow, Jeffrey G.Sun Yat-sen and the French, 1900–1908. China Research Monograph, No. 14. Berkeley, CA: Center for Chinese Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1979.Google Scholar
Beijing Review 1978 2 June 1978. “Statement on Vietnam's Expulsion of Chinese Residents,” pp. 14–16. 16 June 1978. “Statement of Chinese Foreign Ministry on Expulsion of Chinese Residents by Vietnam,” pp. 13–16.Google Scholar
Benoit 1981 Benoit, Charles. “Vietnam's ‘Boat People’.” In Elliot, David W. P., ed., The Third Indochina Conflict. Boulder: Westview Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 7 May 1978, “Waiguo shangren toulu, yuenan dui huaqiaoqu jinxing soucha” (外国商人透露，, 越南对华侨区进行搜查) [Foreign Businessmen Reported That Vietnam Had Ransacked the Chinese District].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 13 May1978, “Waidian baodao yuenan qitu qiangpo huaqiao gaibian guoji” (外电报道越南企图强迫华侨改变国籍) [Foreign News Agencies Reported that Vietnam Attempts to Force the Chinese to Change Their Citizenship].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 14 May 1978, “Dapi huaqiao dao wo zhuyue shiguan banli lijing qianzheng” (大批华侨到我驻越使馆办理离境签证) [Large Number of Chinese Residents Have Come to the Chinese Embassy in Vietnam to Apply for Exit Visas].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 17 May 1978, “Yuenan huaqiao weihe fenfen lijing?” (越南华侨为何纷纷离境?) [Why Are Chinese Residents Leaving Vietnam?].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 1 June 1978, “Zhongguo zhize yuenan wang'en fuyi” (中国指责越南忘恩负义) [China Accuses Vietnam of Being Ungrateful].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 4 June 1978a, “Liaoxiansheng shuo dui yuenan de judong biaoshi yihan” (廖先生说对越南的举动表示遗憾) [Mr. Liao Expressed Regret over Vietnam's Actions].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 4 June 1978b, “Ruan Zhongyong dilai Yue paihua bing yaowo tingzhi jielu” (阮仲永抵赖越排华并要我停止揭露) [Nguyen Trong Vinh Denies the Persecution of the Chinese by Vietnam and Asks China to Stop Exposing Their Wrongdoings].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 7 June 1978, “Dengfuzongli huijian riben pengyou de tanhua” (邓副总理会见日本朋友的谈话) [Vice-Minister Deng's Talk with Japanese Friends].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 12 June 1978, “Yuenan zuole cuowu guji? Dongmeng lengyan xiangkan” (越南作了错误估计？ ? 东盟冷眼相看) [Has Vietnam Made a Miscalculation? ASEAN is Looking on the Issue with a Critical Eye].Google Scholar
Cankao Xiaoxi (参考消息) [Daily Reference] (Beijing) 1978 18 June 1978, “Zhongguo dangju yinggai zai muqian cuowu daolushang jizao zhibu” (中国当局应该在目前错误道路上及早止步) [It's Time for the Chinese Authorities to Stop Traveling on the Wrong Path].Google Scholar
Chang C. Y. 1980 Chang, C. Y. “Overseas Chinese in China's Policy.” The China Quarterly 82 (1980), pp. 281–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang P. M. 1982 Chang, Pao-min. “The Sino-Vietnamese Dispute over the Ethnic Chinese.” The China Quarterly 90 (1982), pp. 195–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaoshan fengqing wang (潮汕风情网) 2005 Chaoshan fengqing wang (潮汕风情网). “Chaoren Jingying, xueshujie” (潮人精英，, 学术界) [Prominent Academicians from Chaozhou and Shantou], 3 September 2005. http://www.csfqw.com/people/a/article_450_1.htmlGoogle Scholar
Châu 1992 Châu (Thị) Hải. Các Nhóm Cộng Đồng Người Hoa Ở Việt Nam (Various Groups of Ethnic Chinese in Vietnam). Hanoi: Nhà Xuất Bn Khoa Học Xã Hội, 1992.Google Scholar
Châu 1993 Châu (Thị) Hải. “The Chinese in Pho Hien and Their Relations with Chinese in Other Urban Areas of Vietnam.” Vietnamese Studies 110:4 (1993), pp. 52–59.Google Scholar
Châu 2004 Châu (Thị) Hải. “The Policies on Chinese Residents (Hoa) through Various Historical Periods in Vietnam.” In Engelbert, Thomas and Kubitscheck, Hans Dieter, eds., Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Southeast Asia. New York: Peter Lang, 2004, pp. 69–85.Google Scholar
Châu 2006 Châu (Thị) Hải. Người Hoa Việt Nam và Đông Nam Á: Hình Ảnh Hôm Qua và Vị Thế Hôm Nay [The Chinese in Vietnam and Southeast Asia: Past Images and Future Positions]. Hanoi: Nhà Xuất Bản Khoa Học Xã Hội, 2006.Google Scholar
Chen C. 1964 Chen, Ching-Ho. A Brief Study of the Family Register of the Trans, a Ming Refugee Family in Minh Huong Xa, Thua Thien (Central Vietnam). Southeast Asia Studies Section, New Asia Research Institute, Monograph Series No. 4. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1964.Google Scholar
Chen K. 1987 Chen, King C.China's War with Vietnam, 1979: Issues, Decisions and Implications. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1987.Google Scholar
China News Agency China News Agency (中国新闻社). “Aomen mingren” (澳门名人) [Prominent Figures of Aomen]. http://www.chinanews.com.cn/zhuanti/aomen/mingren/1_copy(5).htmGoogle Scholar
Dai 1997 Kelai, Dai and Yu, Xiangdong (戴可来, 于向东). “蔡廷兰《海南杂著》中所记越南华侨华人” [The Chinese in Vietnam as Seen in Cai Tinglan's Account of His Journey]. Huaqiao huaren lishi yanjiu (华侨华人历史研究), 1997(1), pp. 40–50.Google Scholar
Department of Culture and Information of Vietnam 1978 Department of Culture and Information of Vietnam. “Ră sức bảo vệ tình hữu nghị Việt-Trung, kịch liệt lên án và chống mọi âm mưu hành động vu cáo Việt Nam trong vấn đề người Hoa” [We Should Strive to Protect the Spirit of Vietnam-China Friendship, and Actively Denounce and Fight against the Tricks Aimed at Demonizing Vietnam Regarding the Issue of the Hoa People]. Hanoi, 1978.Google Scholar
Elegant 1959 Elegant, Robert S.The Dragon's Seed: Peking and the Overseas Chinese. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1959.Google Scholar
Evans and Rowley 1990 Evans, Grant, and Kelvin, Rowley. Red Brotherhood at War: Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos since 1975. London; New York: Verso, 1990.Google Scholar
Fall 1958 Fall, Bernard B. “Vietnam's Chinese Problem.” Far Eastern Survey 5 (1958), pp. 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan H. 1999 Fan, Honggui (范宏贵). Yuenan de minzu yu minzu wenti (越南民族与民族问题) [Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Problems of Vietnam]. Nanning: Guangxi minzu Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Fan H. 2004 Fan, Honggui (范宏贵). Huanan yu dongnanya xiangguan minzu (华南与东南亚相关民族) [The Ethnic Groups of Southern China and the Related Groups in Southeast Asia]. Beijing: Minzu Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Fan Q. 1971 Fan, Qin (范勤). “Juda de chengji, fanzhong de renwu” (巨大的成绩，, 繁重的任务) [A Great Achievement and an Arduous Task], Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News], 4 August 1971.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald 1972 Fitzgerald, Stephen. China and the Overseas Chinese: A Study of Peking's Changing Policy: 1949–1970. Cambridge University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Fu 2004 Fu, Juhui (傅菊辉) et al. Dangdai zhongyue guanxi shi (当代中越关系史) [History of Contemporary Sino-Vietnamese Relations]. Hong Kong: China International Culture Press Limited, 2004.Google Scholar
Godley 1980 Godley, Michael. “A Summer Cruise to Nowhere: China and the Vietnamese Chinese in Perspective.” The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 4 (1980), pp. 35–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo 2007 Guo, Mingjin (郭明进). “Ershi shiji zhongye yuenan huaqiao canjia geming de yixie qingkuang” (二十世纪中叶越南华侨参加革命的一些情况) [Some Facts about How the Chinese in Vietnam Participated in the Revolution in the Mid-Twentieth Century]. Kunming dangshi (昆明党史) 1 (2007).Google Scholar
Guowuyuan qiaoban qiaowu ganbu xuexiao (国务院侨办侨务干部学校) 1993 Guowuyuan qiaoban qiaowu ganbu xuexiao (国务院侨办侨务干部学校) [School for Cadres in Charge of Overseas Chinese Affairs, Department of Overseas Affairs, State Council]. Huaqiao huaren gaishu (华侨华人概述) [Introduction to the Overseas Chinese]. Beijing: Jiuzhou Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Han 1994 Han, Xiaorong. “The National Identity of the Chinese Community in North Vietnam: 1954–1978.” Human Mosaic 28:1 (1994), pp. 5–13.Google Scholar
Han 1995 Han, Xiaorong. National and Ethnic Identities of the Chinese Community in North Vietnam: 1954–1978. M.A. Thesis, Tulane University, 1995.Google Scholar
He Kou Xian Zhi (河口县志) 1994 He Kou Xian Zhi (河口县志) [Annals of the Hekou County]. Beijing: Sanlian, 1994.Google Scholar
Hoàng 1978 Hoàng, Nguyên (黄元). “Cong Jinbian dao Beijing” (从金边到北京) [From Phnom Penh to Beijing]. In Zai Yuenan de huaren (在越南的华人) [The Chinese in Vietnam]. Hanoi: Foreign Languages Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Hồng 1964 Hồng, Hải (洪海). “Gusudao zhi xing” (姑苏岛之行) [A Visit to the Co To Island]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 14 May 1964.Google Scholar
Hood 1992 Hood, Steven J.Dragons Entangled, Indochina and the China-Vietnam War. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992.Google Scholar
Huang 1970 She, Huang (黄麝). “Haifang huaqiao jiaoyu shiye zai sinian kangmeijiuguo zhong buduan gonggu he fazhan” (海防华侨教育事业在四年抗美救国中不断巩固和发展) [The Chinese Educational System Has Consolidated and Developed Steadily during the Four-Year Anti-American War]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 9 February 1970.Google Scholar
Hutton 2000 Hutton, Christopher. “Cross-Border Categories: Ethnic Chinese and the Sino-Vietnamese Border at Mong Cai.” In Evans, Grant et al. , eds., Where China Meets Southeast Asia: Social and Cultural Change in the Border Regions. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, pp. 254–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kỳ S. 1978 Kỳ, San (奇山). “Guanyu zai yuenan huaren de ruogan ziliao” (关于在越南华人的若干资料) [Some Information about the Chinese in Vietnam]. In Zai Yuenan de huaren. Hanoi: Foreign Languages Press, 1978, pp. 18–27.Google Scholar
Li B. 1990 Li, Baiyin (李白茵). “Yuenan Huaqiao yu Huaren” (越南华侨与华人) [The Chinese in Vietnam]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Li C. 1937 Li, Changfu (李长傅). Zhongguo zhimin shi (中国殖民史) [A History of Chinese Colonization]. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1937.Google Scholar
Lin 2005 Lin, Chong (林冲). “Zhuang Siming: Cong gongchanzhuyi xinyangzhe dao fanduizhe” (庄思明：: 从共产主义信仰者到反对者) [Zhuang Siming: from a Believer in Communism to an Opponent of Communism]. Mingjianwang [明见网], 25 October 2005. http://xinsheng.net/xs/articles/gb/2005/10/25/34547.htmGoogle Scholar
Lü 1964 Lü, Shipeng (吕士朋). Beishu shiqi de Yuenan (北属时期的越南) [Vietnam during the Period of Chinese Rule]. Hong Kong: New Asia Research Institute, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1964.Google Scholar
Ly 1978 Singko, Ly, Hanoi, Peking and Overseas Chinese. Singapore: Chin Pang Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Mai 1978 Thị Từ, Mai (梅氏慈). “Women jie de huaren” (我们街的华人) [The Hoa People in Our Street]. In Zai Yuenan de huaren. Hanoi: Foreign Languages Press, 1978, pp. 50–57.Google Scholar
Marsot 1993 Marsot, Alain G.The Chinese Community in Vietnam under the French. San Francisco: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1993.Google Scholar
McAleavy 1968 McAleavy, Henry. Black Flags in Vietnam, The Story of a Chinese Intervention. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968.Google Scholar
Miller 1946 Miller, E. Willard. “Mineral Resources of Indo-China.” Economic Geography 22:4 (1946), pp. 268–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vietnam 1978 and 1979 “Tuyên Bố của bộ ngoại giao nước cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam về vấn đề người Hoa ở Việt Nam.” [Declaration on the Issue of the Hoa People in Vietnam Issued by the Spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam]. Hanoi: Department of Culture and Information, 1978.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vietnam 1978 and 1979 The Truth about Vietnam-China Relations over the Last Thirty Years. Hanoi: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 1979.Google Scholar
Minority Rights Group 1992 Minority Rights Group. The Chinese of Southeast Asia. London: Minority Rights Group, 1992.Google Scholar
Mitchison 1961 Mitchison, Lois. The Overseas Chinese. Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions, 1961.Google Scholar
Nguyen M. 1979 Nguyen Manh, Hung. “The Sino-Vietnamese Conflict: Power Play among Communist Neighbors.” Asian Survey 19:11 (1979), pp. 1037–52.Google Scholar
Nguyễn T. 1965 Nguyễn, Thọ Chân (阮寿真). “Guangningsheng hanzu tongbao zai shehuizhuyi zhiduxia canjia jianshe he zhandou de shinian” (广宁省汉族同胞在社会主义制度下参加建设和战斗的十年) [The Han Chinese Compatriots in Quang Ninh Province Have Been Participating in Socialist Construction and Struggle in the Past Decade]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 7 September 1965.Google Scholar
Nguyễn V. 1978 Nguyễn, Vĩnh Long (阮永龙). “Yige bianjingsheng de qianju xuanfeng” (一个边境省的迁居旋风) [The Whirlwind of Emigration in a Frontier Province]. In Zai Yuenan de huaren. Hanoi: Foreign Languages Press, 1978, pp. 38–49.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Y. 1978 Nguyễn, Yêm (阮奄). “Yici qiangpo qianju de jizhi” (一次强迫迁居的机制) [A Mechanism of Forced Relocation]. Zai Yuenan de huaren. Hanoi: Foreign Languages Press, 1978, pp. 28–37.Google Scholar
People's Daily (人民日报) 1994 “民政部门和港府代表会晤就越南难民问题达成协议” [Civil Administrative Officials (of China) Meet with Counterparts Representing the Hong Kong Government and Reach an Agreement on the Issue of Vietnamese Refugees]. 25 August 1994.Google Scholar
Porter 1980 Porter, Gareth. “Vietnam's Ethnic Chinese and the Sino-Vietnamese Conflict.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 12:40 (1980), pp. 55–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prime Minister of Vietnam 1978 “Yuenan shehuizhuyi gongheguo zongli guanyu juzhu he shenghuo zai yuenan waiguoren de zhengce de jueding” (越南社会主义共和国政府总理关于居住和生活在越南外国人的政策的决定) [Decision of the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Regarding Policies toward Foreigners Living in Vietnam]. In Zai Yuenan de huaren. Hanoi: Foreign Languages Press, 1978, pp. 111–13.Google Scholar
Purcell 1952 Purcell, Victor. The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Oxford University Press, 1952.Google Scholar
Qi 1969 Qi, Yuan (戚元). “Gei Xigong-Di'an huaqiao tongbao de henianxin” (给西贡-堤岸华侨同胞的贺年信) [New Year Greetings to Chinese Compatriots in Saigon-Cholon]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 16 February 1969.Google Scholar
Qiaowu weiyuanhui qiaowu yanjiusuo 1966 Qiaowu weiyuanhui qiaowu yanjiusuo (侨务委员会侨务研究所) [Institute of Overseas Affairs, Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission]. Zuijin yuenan de Zhengqing yu qiaoqing (最近越南的政情与侨情) [Current Political Affairs and Conditions for Overseas Compatriots in Vietnam]. Taipei: Qiao wu wei yuan hui qiao wu yan jiu shi, 1966.Google Scholar
Qing 1996 Qing, Feng (清风). “‘Nongzu’ kao” (‘农族’考) [A Study of the Nung People]. Bagui qiaoshi (八桂侨史) 3 (1996).Google Scholar
Ray 1983 Ray, Hemen. China's Vietnam War. New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1983.Google Scholar
Stern 1986 Stern, Lewis M. “Vietnamese Communist Policy Towards the Overseas Chinese, 1960–1975.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 7 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suryadinata 1985 Suryadinata, Leo. China and the ASEAN States: the Ethnic Chinese Dimension. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Taylor 1983 Taylor, Keith. The Birth of Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thanh Hoa Department of Culture and Information 1978 Thanh Hoa Department of Culture and Information. Về Vấn Đề Người Hoa ở Việt Nam [On the Issue of the Hoa People in Vietnam]. Thanh Hoa, 1978.Google Scholar
Thompson and Adloff 1955 Thompson, Virginia, and Richard, Adloff. Minority Problems in Southeast Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1955.Google Scholar
Unger 1987 Unger, E. S. “The Struggle over the Chinese Community in Vietnam, 1946–1986.” Pacific Affairs 60:4 (1987), pp. 596–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waijiaobu lingshisi 1978 Waijiaobu, lingshisi (外交部领事司). “Waijiaobu lingshisi guanyu shenpi guiqiao zhigong guowai gongling jisuan wenti” (外交部领事司关于审批归侨职工国外工龄计算问题) [The Department of Consular Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on How to Calculate the Length of Service of the Returned Overseas Chinese during Their Stay in Foreign Countries]. No. 29 (1978). Beijing laodong baozhang wang (北京劳动保障网). http://www.bjld.gov.cn/LDJAPP/search/fgdetail.jsp?no=117Google Scholar
Vuong-Riddick 2007 Vuong-Riddick, Thuong. The Evergreen Country, A Memoir of Vietnam. Regina: Hagios Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Wang 1985 Wang, Gungwu. “External China as a New Policy Area.” Pacific Affairs 58 (1985): 28–43.Google Scholar
Wang 1991 “Among Non-Chinese.” Daedalus 8:2 (1991), pp. 135–57.Google Scholar
Wei 1967 Wei, Dongsi (卫东思). “Huaqiao bixu huoxue huoyong Maozhuxi zhuzuo” (华侨必须活学活用毛主席著作) [Overseas Chinese Must Endeavor to Live by Chairman Mao's Teachings]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 5 July 1967.Google Scholar
Woodside 1971 Woodside, Alexander. Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Nguyen and Ching Civil Government in the First Half of the 19th Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Woodside 1979 “Nationalism and Poverty in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations.” Pacific Affairs 52:3 (1979), pp. 381–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xinhua News Agency (Beijing) 1978 15 June 1978, “Liao Chengzhi fuweiyuanzhang fabiao zhongyao jianghua” (廖承志副委员长发表重要讲话) [Vice Chairman Liao Chengzhi Made an Important Speech].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 16 January 1960, “Henei di'erqi xiaoshangfan hezuohua gongzuo jiben wancheng” (河内第二期小商贩合作化工作基本完成) [Phase Two of the Collectivization of Small Vendors in Hanoi Has Almost Been Completed].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 20 January 1960, “Henei huaqiao Changjiang zhizao shengchan hezuoshe yi chengli” (河内华侨长江织造生产合作社已成立) [The Chinese in Hanoi Have Set up the Yangtze River Textile Cooperative].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 23 January 1960, “Nandingshi jin qicheng shougongyezhe zou hezuohua” (南定市近七成手工业者走合作化) [Nearly 70% of the Handicraftsmen in Nam Dinh Have Joined Cooperatives].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 25 January 1960, “Beifang yiyou jin erwanliuqian xiaoshangfan zou hezuohua daolu” (北方已有近二万六千小商贩走合作化道路) [Nearly 26,000 Small Vendors in the North Have Joined Cooperatives].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 27 January 1960, “Yuenan hualian zonghui chunjie zhuci” (越南华联总会春节祝词) [New Year Greetings from the Association of Chinese in Vietnam].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 1 February 1960, “Zai dangde lingdaoxia databu xiang shehuizhuyi maijin” (在党的领导下大踏步向社会主义迈进) [Let's Stride into Socialism Following the Leadership of the Party].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 20 March 1960, “Jinpu kuangqu 20 duo youxiu huaqiao gongren jiaru dangde duiwu” (锦普矿区20多优秀华侨工人加入党的队伍) [Over Twenty Outstanding Chinese Workers in the Cam Pha Mines Have Joined the Party].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 30 March 1960, “Haifang hualian chouweihui gongzuo baogao” (海防华联筹委会工作报告) [Report of the Preparatory Committee of the Haiphong Branch of the Association of Chinese in Vietnam].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 19 April 1960, “Haifang gangkou huaqiao gongren jianchi xue yuewen” (海防港口华侨工人坚持学越文) [Chinese Workers at the Haiphong Harbor Persevere in Learning the Vietnamese Language].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 12 May 1960, “Haifang huaqiao xuexi yuewen yundong jixu gaozhang” (海防华侨学习越文运动继续高涨) [The Campaign to Promote Vietnamese Language Learning Continues to Run High among the Chinese in Haiphong].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 22 May 1960, “Haifang huaqiao zhiqi gaoang juexin zhaidiao wenmang maozi” (海防华侨志气高昂决心摘掉文盲帽子) [The Chinese in Haiphong Have High Ambitions and Are Determined to Rid Themselves of the Label of “Illiterate”].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 6 July 1960, “Hualian zonghui juxing kuoda huiyi qianglie fandui meiwu pohai nanfang huaqiao” (华联总会举行执委扩大会议强烈反对美吴迫害南方华侨) [The Executive Committee of the Association of Chinese in Vietnam Held an Enlarged Meeting to Express Its Strong Opposition to the US-Diem Clique's Persecution of the Chinese in South Vietnam].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 7 July 1960, “Xianming de duizhao” (鲜明的对照) [A Sharp Contrast].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 17 July 1960a, “Haifangshi gejie huanqiao fenfen juxing jihui qisheng chize meiwu jituan pohai nanfang huaqiao” (海防市各界华侨纷纷举行集会齐声斥责美吴集团迫害南方华侨) [Haiphong's Chinese Held Rallies and Unanimously Denounced the US-Diem Clique's Persecution of the Chinese in South Vietnam].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 17 July 1960b, “Henei zhonghua zhongxiaoxue jiaoshi juxing huiyi jilie fandui meiwu jituan cuican nanfang huaqiao jiaoyu” (河内中华中、小学教师举行会议激烈反对美吴集团摧残南方华侨教育) [Teachers from the Chinese Middle School and Elementary Schools in Hanoi Held Meetings to Express their Strong Opposition to the US-Diem Clique's Destruction of the Chinese Educational System in South Vietnam].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 17 July 1960c, “Nanding gejie huaqiao qingnian juxing jihui jielu meiwu jituan bianbenjiali pohai huaqiao zuixing” (南定各界华侨、青年举行集会揭露美吴集团变本加厉迫害华侨罪行) [Chinese in Nam Dinh Held Rallies to Expose the US-Diem Clique's Intensified Persecution of the Chinese in South Vietnam].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 26 July 1960, “Beifang huaqiao jiaoshi gei nanfang huaqiao jiaoshi de xin” (北方华侨教师给南方华侨教师的信) [A Letter from the Chinese Teachers in the North to the Chinese Teachers in the South].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 19 April 1961, “Heneishi yiyou jiuchengduo huaqiao shang yuewen shiziban” (河内市已有九成多华桥上越文识字班) [90% of the Chinese in Hanoi Have Attended Classes to Learn Vietnamese].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 13 May 1961, “Hu zhuxi shicha gusu dao” (胡主席视察姑苏岛) [Chairman Hu Visited the Co To Island].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 24 August 1961, “Haifangshi nanfang huaqiao xuesheng xunsu chengzhang” (海防市南方华侨学生迅速成长) [The Chinese Students from the South Are Quickly Growing Up in Haiphong].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 2 September 1961, “‘Huaqiao tongbao’ – bupingfande chenghu” (“华侨同胞” – 不平凡的称呼) [“Chinese Compatriot” – an Unusual Form of Address].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 30 December 1961, “Beifang huawen xuexiao yuewen jiaoxue zhuanti huiyi zai Haifang juxing” (北方华文学校越文教学专题会议在海防举行) [A Special Conference on Teaching Vietnamese in the Chinese Schools in North Vietnam Was Held in Haiphong].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 27 April 1963, “Dianbianfu huaqiao jianlile nongyeshe” (奠边府华侨建立了农业社) [The Chinese in Dien Bien Phu Have Set Up Agricultural Cooperatives].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 20 November 1963, “Xuanguangsheng huaqiao nongmin zuochu jiji gongxian” (宣光省华侨农民做出积极贡献) [The Chinese Farmers in Tuyen Quang Province Have Made Positive Contributions].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 28 July 1964, “Beifang huaqiao daxuesheng renshu riyi zengduo” (北方华侨大学生人数日益增多) [The Number of Chinese College Students in the North Is Growing].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 1 June 1965, “Henei haifang huaqiao qingnian zhiyuan canjun shadi” (河内海防华侨青年志愿参军杀敌) [Young Chinese from Hanoi and Haiphong Are Volunteering into the Army to Kill Enemies].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 13 June 1965, “Huansong henei shoupi huaqiao shangshan luohu” (欢送河内首批华侨上山落户) [A Warm Send-off to the First Group of Chinese from Hanoi Who Are Moving to the Mountains].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 31 August 1965, “Nanfang jijie beishang huaqiao gangtieban de juexin” (南方集结北上华侨钢铁般的决心) [The Iron Will of the Chinese Who Had Moved to the North from the South].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 15 September 1965, “Huaqiao shiwu weiyuanhui fuzhuren fangfang zhuanwen haozhao huaqiao canjia fandui diguozhuyi de douzheng” (华侨事务委员会副主任方方撰文号召华侨参加反对帝国主义的斗争) [Vice Chairman Fang Fang of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission Called on the Overseas Chinese to Participate in Anti-Imperialism Struggles].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 13 August 1966, “Liangshanshi huayue xiaoshangfan zhuanye gaoshengchan qude lianghao chengji” (谅山市华越小商贩转业搞生产取得良好成绩) [The Chinese and Vietnamese Small Vendors in Lang Son Who Had Given up Trade for Labor Work Have Achieved Great Successes in Production].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 20 August 1966, “Haifang huaqiao relie xiangying ‘santong ‘erhao’ yundong” (海防华侨热烈响应'三同二好'运动) [Chinese in Haiphong Responded Enthusiastically to the Three-Share and Two-Well Campaign].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 30 August 1966, “Haifang guangda huaqiao qingnian fenfen baoming canjun shadi” (海防广大华侨青年纷纷报名参军杀敌) [Young Chinese in Haiphong Are Joining the Army One after Another to Kill Enemies].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 18 October 1966, “Jingli, geming de huaqiao qingnian!” (敬礼, 革命的华侨青年!) [Salute, Young Chinese Revolutionaries!].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 19 October 1966, “Maozhuxi shi huaqiao xinzhong de hongtaiyang” (毛主席是华侨心中的红太阳) [Chairman Mao Is the Red Sun in the Hearts of the Overseas Chinese].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 27 November 1966, “Haifang huaqiao relie yonghu zuguo wenhua dageming” (海防华侨热烈拥护祖国文化大革命) [Chinese in Haiphong Ardently Support the Cultural Revolution of the Motherland].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 11 December 1966, “Zhongguo wenhua dageming shi gengchu xiuzhengzhuyi de chuangju” (中国文化大革命是根除修正主义的创举) [China's Cultural Revolution Is a Pioneer Project Aimed at Eliminating Revisionism].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 25 December 1966, “Henei shudian daliang chushou Maozhuxi yulu, shoudu gejie xinggaocailie zhengxiang gou baoshu” (河内书店大量出售《毛主席语录》, 首都各界兴高采烈争相购宝书) [Bookstores in Hanoi have Large Quantities of Quotations of Chairman Mao for Sale, People in the Capital Are Jubilant and Vie with One Another to Buy the Book].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 5 July 1967, “Huaqiao bixu huoxue huoyong Maozhuxi zhuzuo” (华侨必须活学活用毛主席著作) [Overseas Chinese Must Apply Chairman Mao's Teachings to Their Lives and Work].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 14 July 1967, “Yici banji lianhuanhui” (一次班级联欢会) [A Get-together of Classmates].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 21 September 1967, “Zhongguo dashiguan zhouyang mishu tanwang henei huaqiao xuexiao” (中国大使馆周扬秘书探望河内华侨学校) [Secretary Zhou Yang from the Chinese Embassy Has Visited the Chinese Schools in Hanoi].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 27 November 1968, “Zai huaqiao daibiao xuexi xinxingshi xinrenwu huiyishang de fayan” (在华侨代表学习新形势新任务会议上的发言) [Speech to Overseas Chinese Delegates Who Are Attending a Meeting to Study New Situation and New Tasks].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 30 October 1969, “Yuenan huaqiao lianhe zonghui gei quanti qiaobao de haozhaoshu” (越南华侨联合总会给全体侨胞的号召书) [A Letter of Appeal to All Chinese Compatriots from the Association of Chinese in Vietnam].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 6 November 1969, “Haifang hualianhui juxing zhiwei kuoda huiyi xuexi huzhuxi yizhu” (海防华联会举行执委扩大会议学习胡主席遗嘱) [The Executive Committee of the Haiphong Branch of the Association of Chinese in Vietnam Held an Enlarged Meeting to Study Chairman Hu's Will].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 7 November 1969, “Yuenan huaqiao yongshi mingji huzhuxi de enqing” (越南华侨永世铭记胡主席的恩情) [The Chinese in Vietnam Will Be Forever Grateful to Chairman Hu].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 8 July 1970, “Nandingshi huaqiao zhongxiaoxue xin yuehua nongchang xiaoxue zongjie xuenian gongzuo” (南定市华侨中小学新越华农场小学总结学年工作) [The Chinese Schools in Nam Dinh and the Elementary School of the Xinyuehua Farm Reviewed Their Work in the Past Academic Year].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 24 July 1973, “Guanghui de qiancheng” (光辉的前程) [A Bright Future].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 25 July 1973a, “Haifang jiaoyu juzhang huang she zai huaxiao jiaoyu gaige huiyishang de baogao” (海防教育局长黄麝在华校教育改革会议上的报告) [Report of Director Huang She of Haiphong's Educational Bureau to the Conference on the Reform of Chinese Schools].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 25 July 1973b, “Wo dui hanyu jiaoxue de yixie tihui” (我对汉语教学的一些体会) [Some Reflections on My Experiences in Teaching Chinese Language].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 26 July 1973, “Huaxiao jiaoyu gaige shi keguan de yaoqiu” (华校教育改革是客观的要求) [The Reform of the Chinese Schools Is an Inevitable Task].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 28 July 1973, “Zai huaxiaozhong renzhen jiaohao yuewen shi women de renwu” (在华校中认真教好越文是我们的任务) [It's Our Task to Do Well in Teaching Vietnamese Language in Chinese Schools].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 31 July 1973a, “Huayue renmin zhongshi zhencheng xiangchu gongtong jianshe xingfu shenghuo” (华越人民忠实真诚相处共同建设幸福生活) [Chinese and Vietnamese Are Treating Each Other with Honesty and Sincerity and Building their Common Happy Life].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 31 July 1973b, “Jiji cujin huaxiao jiaoyu gaige gongzuo” (积极促进华校教育改革工作) [Let's Actively Accelerate the Reform of the Chinese Schools].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 4 August 1973, “Huaxiao jiaoyu gaige kaixinhua” (华校教育改革开新花) [The Educational Reform of the Chinese Schools Has Yielded New Results].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 7 August 1973, “Jinyibu zuohao huaxiao yuewen jiaoxue gongzuo” (进一步做好华校越文教学工作) [We Need to Further Improve Our Work in Teaching Vietnamese Language in the Chinese Schools].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 20 November 1973, “Huaqiao jiaoyu de xin lichengbei” (华侨教育的新里程碑) [A New Milestone in the Education of the Overseas Chinese].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 7 December 1973, “Dang de jiaoyu luxian shi women huaxiao qianjin de zhilu mingdeng” (党的教育路线是我们华校前进的指路明灯) [The Educational Policy of the Party Is the Beacon Lighting the Advance of the Chinese Schools].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 10 August 1974, “Haifang huaqiao disici daibiao dahui longzhong zhaokai” （海防华侨第四次代表大会隆重召开） [The Fourth Meeting of the Chinese Delegates from Haiphong Has Been Solemnly Opened].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 15 August 1974, “Haifang yuehua you'eryuan zhuren lu huixian zai haifang huaqiao disici daibiao dahuishang de jianghua” (海防越华幼儿园主任陆慧娴在海防华侨第四次代表大会上的讲话) [Speech of Director Lu Huixian of Haiphong's Yuehua Kindergarten to the Fourth Meeting of the Chinese Delegates from Haiphong].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 29 March 1975, “Yuenan hualian zonghui zhaokai zongjie huiyi tichu xinde gongzuo fangxiang” (越南华联总会召开总结会议提出新的工作方向) [The Association of Chinese in Vietnam Held a Summing-up Meeting to Discuss New Directions for the Organization].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 26 June 1975, “Haifang tuanjie zhongxue shangxuenian qude lianghao chengji” (海防团结中学上学年取得良好成绩) [The Tuanjie Middle School in Haiphong Has Made Steady Progress in the First Semester].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 3 February 1976, “Li Sun tongzhi dao hualian zonghui zhuhe chunjie” (黎笋同志到华联总会祝贺春节) [Comrade Le Duan Came to the Association of Chinese in Vietnam to Extend Spring Festival Greetings].Google Scholar
Xin Yue Hua Bao (新越华报) [New Vietnamese Chinese News] (Hanoi) 1960–1976 1 September 1976, “Hualian zonghui, henei, haifang hualianhui juxing lianxi huiyi” (华联总会、河内、海防华联会举行联席会议). [The Association of Chinese in Vietnam and Its Hanoi and Haiphong Branches Held a Joint Meeting].Google Scholar
Zhang C. 1969 Zhang, Chun (章纯). “古交趾汉族人民二三事” (Some Facts about the Han Chinese in Ancient Jiaozhi, 1–3). Xin Yue Hua Bao, 23 May 1969; 25 May 1969; 27 May 1969.Google Scholar
Zhang L. 2006 Zhang, Lei (张磊). “Xinzhongguo dongguanxian diyiwei nu waijiao zhanshi: Du Juan” (新中国东莞县第一位女外交战士 : 杜鹃) [Du Juan, Dongguan County's First Female Diplomat in New China], 2006. http://www.sun0769.com/subject/gcschool/student/t20060131_78059.htmlGoogle Scholar
Zhang W. 1975 Zhang, Wenho (张文和). Yuenan huaqiao shihua (越南华侨史话) [History of the Chinese in Vietnam]. Taipei: Liming wenhua shiye gufen youxian gongsi, 1975.Google Scholar
Zhao 1993 Zhao, Heman (赵和曼). “Zaitan guangxiji huaqiao huaren zhiduoshao” (再谈广西籍华侨华人知多少) [More on the Number of Guangxi Chinese Living Abroad]. Bagui qiaoshi (八桂侨史) 4 (1993).Google Scholar
Zheng 1976 Zheng, Ruiming (郑瑞明). Qingdai yuenan de huaqiao (清代越南的华侨) [The Chinese in Vietnam during the Qing Dynasty]. Taipei: Jiaxin shuini gongsi wenhua jijinhui, 1976.Google Scholar
Zhuang S. 1960 Zhuang, Siming (庄思明). “Yige huaqiao nu kuanggong de chengzhang” (一个华侨女矿工的成长) [The Growth of a Female Chinese Miner]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 6 March 1960.Google Scholar
Zhuang Y. 1960 Zhuang, Yong (庄庸). “Beifang huaqiao zai qianjin zhong” (北方华侨在前进中) [The Chinese in the North Are Marching Forward]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 27 January 1960.Google Scholar
Zhuang Y. 1961 “Sannianlai yuenan beifang de huaqiao jiaoyu shiye” (三年来越南北方的华侨教育事业) [The Education of the Chinese in North Vietnam in the Past Three Years]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 8 February 1961.Google Scholar
Zhuang Y. 1970 “Sishinianlai zai yuenan laodongdang lingdaoxia de yuenan huaqiao” (四十年来在越南劳动党领导下的越南华侨) [The Chinese in Vietnam under the Leadership of the Vietnam Workers Party in the Past Four Decades]. Xin Yue Hua Bao, 4 February 1970.Google Scholar