This work presents an approach for optimization of window coefficients for 5G user equipment side sensing, using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing radar-based range and velocity estimation, based on the sounding reference signal (SRS) from the 5G New Radio (NR) standard. The signal configuration and the corresponding waveform are generated in compliance with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard for 5G. The limitations of conventional signal processing for resources available for sensing with the SRS are highlighted. The proposed approach, which optimizes the window coefficients to improve the sensing capabilities, is implemented through two methods. The first method employs a decoupled optimization strategy for range and velocity, showing high computational efficiency. Our results demonstrate that this method significantly improves the peak sidelobe level (PSL) of the velocity profile by over $\mathrm{15}\,\mathrm{dB}$, although it does not address the issue of diagonally located sidelobes, which occur due to non-uniform resource distribution. The second method adopts a comprehensive full 2D optimization technique. While it requires more computational resources and does not improve the PSL beyond the first method’s achievements, it mitigates the diagonally located sidelobes issue. The level of these have been improved by more than $\mathrm{3}\,\mathrm{dB}$.

This article focuses on reducing mutual coupling between the ports of dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) using defected ground structures (DGSs). The antenna has the dimension of 50 mm × 50 mm × 8.5 mm. The resonating element in the proposed two-port radiator consists of a cylindrical structure of alumina ceramic (ɛr = 9.8). The rectangular-shaped aperture is utilized to excite both of the resonating elements. The resonating ceramic elements acting as radiators are offset-fed to enhance the antenna’s coupling. Combining interdigital-shaped and semicircular arc-shaped DGSs improves isolation between two resonating elements, embodying the structural novelty. The measured operating frequency range of Port-1 and Port-2 is 5.19–6.7 and 5.15–6.68 GHz, resonating at 5.58 and 5.56 GHz, respectively. The measured mutual coupling between the two ports is −35.5 dB. The measured gain for Port-1 is depicted to be 5.5 dB. The presented multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) radiator in this article is an appropriate candidate for WLAN (5.25–5.35, 5.47–5.725, 5.725–5.85, 5.850–5.925 GHz) and WiMAX(5.5 GHz) applications. All the simulated and experimentally observed MIMO parameters of the radiator are discovered to be within optimal bounds.

This paper proposes an innovative hybrid package integration strategy compatible with silicon-based technologies. It is evaluated beyond 200 GHz by the integration of a WR3 back-to-back waveguide-to-suspended stripline transition designed in BiCMOS technology, relying on metallic split-block package and organic laminate substrate. Simulated insertion loss below 3 dB is observed in the 220–320 GHz frequency band, competing with reported traditional solutions using III–V substrates. The achieved performances lead to promising perspectives for low-cost silicon packaging solutions beyond 200 GHz.

This article deals with multilayer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) six-port junctions with embedded carbon resistive films. SIW six-ports usually employ reactive power dividers, which degrade the amplitude and phase balance when the six-port is terminated with mismatched power detectors. The associated impairments are studied and two SIW six-port junctions with improved isolation and output matching are designed for K-/Ka-band applications to overcome these limitations. The proposed designs differ with respect to the configuration of the output ports making the underlying six-port topology applicable for different layout requirements. Measurements of the fabricated components validate the concept. The six-ports are compact, fully shielded and can be integrated in multilayer printed circuit boards.

This paper investigates if there is an optimum design of loaded-line phase shifters with respect to phase shift/loss figure of merit (FOM) and linearity. The investigation was performed by comparing six loaded-line phase shifters that were implemented in printed circuit board (PCB)technology with shunt-loaded hyperabrupt varactor-diodes. It was demonstrated that the hyperabrupt varactor’s C-V characteristics must be modeled with high accuracy to predict the nonlinear behavior. A polynomial varactor model was employed and experimentally validated. To extend the range of investigated parameter values, the extracted model was scaled and evaluated further in a circuit simulator. The investigation reveals that for a given varactor-capacitance, the phase shift/loss FOM is improved if the varactor-capacitance is evenly distributed and the unit cell length is much shorter than a quarter wavelength. The study demonstrates that the phase shift/loss depends mainly on the distribution of varactor-capacitance and Q factor. The intermodulation (IM) distortion is primarily proportional to the total varactor-capacitance per unit cell. The study also revealed that an increase in the varactor’s Q factor results in higher IM. Therefore, it is a trade-off between low loss and low IM.

This manuscript presents a millimeter-wave GaN high-power amplifier (HPA) intended for next generation inter-satellite links (ISLs). The proposed architecture achieves a fractional bandwidth wider than 18% in the V-band spectrum, to deliver a 10 Gbit/s throughput compatible with multi-thousand-km ISLs. Core of the HPA is the monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC ) power amplifier which covers the whole 59–71 GHz band with high efficiency through innovative topologies and a cutting-edge gallium nitride on silicon carbide (GaN-on-SiC) process. The MMIC is then parallelized by means of a 1-to-8 splitter/combiner to obtain a V-band 10 W GaN HPA. Measurement results show a peak small-signal gain of 25.6 dB, 6.5% peak power-added efficiency, and a maximum P1dB of 40.3 dBm.

With the emerging developments in millimeter-wave/5G technologies, the potential for wireless Internet of things devices to achieve widespread sensing, precise localization, and high data-rate communication systems becomes increasingly viable. The surge in interest surrounding virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies is attributed to the vast array of applications they enable, ranging from surgical training to motion capture and daily interactions in VR spaces. To further elevate the user experience, and real-time and accurate orientation detection of the user, the authors proposes the utilization of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system coupled with an ultra-low-power, sticker-like millimeter-wave identification (mmID). The mmID features four backscattering elements, multiplexed in amplitude, frequency, and spatial domains. This design utilizes the training of a supervised learning classification convolutional neural network, enabling accurate real-time three-axis orientation detection of the user. The proposed orientation detection system exhibits exceptional performance, achieving a noteworthy accuracy of 90.58% over three axes at a distance of 8 m. This high accuracy underscores the precision of the orientation detection system, particularly tailored for medium-range VR/AR applications. The integration of the FMCW-based mmID system with machine learning proves to be a promising advancement, contributing to the seamless and immersive interaction within virtual and augmented environments.

In recent years, the significance of terahertz (THz) and (sub-)THz communications has grown substantially due to its promising trade-off between higher capacity compared to microwave-based communication and better resilience against weather dependent influences (e.g., fog and rain). While electronic and optoelectronic techniques have been extensively explored, each offering distinct advantages and limitations, they have predominantly been demonstrated and discussed as individual experiments, making performance comparison challenging. This paper addresses this gap by systematically benchmarking electronic and optoelectronic signal generation approaches under comparable conditions. Our experiments incorporate various receiver types, revealing that best performance is achieved by combining optoelectronic signal generation techniques at the transmitter in combination with an all-electric intradyne receiver. This results in a remarkable line rate of 200 Gbit/s over a distance of 52 m. To our knowledge, this represents the highest line rate achieved for technically relevant transmission distances for indoor access or outdoor small cell networks.

This paper provides the details of a novel systematic design methodology for two-way in-phase filtering Gysel splitter/combiner networks with high selectivity, which finds application in high power amplifier modules. It simultaneously realizes a filtering function and a two-way splitter/combiner function. The proposed five-port filtering device, based on the Gysel topology, is transformed into a ring of coupled resonators. A rigorous coupling matrix describing the network is used to synthesize the integrated filtering and combining functions. This general network can be implemented in any of the available filter technologies. In this paper, a few design examples are provided, and a six-pole prototype utilizing compact combline coaxial resonators is demonstrated. The proposed design provides an integrated dual function module, reducing component counts and system complexity. A design was fabricated and tested demonstrating good experimental results.

This paper presents a new topology for a microwave active mixer using compact microstrip diplexer constituted from two dual-mode open loop resonators. The resonators are tuned to the radio frequency (RF) and local-oscillator (LO) frequencies, respectively, to effectively isolate the two input signals, while the diplexer output port is connected to the gate circuit of a commercial low cost GaAs pHEMT transistor. The drain circuit of the active device is connected to the load via an intermediate-frequency (IF)-modified Chebyshev low-pass filter to remove the unwanted RF and LO signals and reduce other spurious frequencies at the output of the mixer circuit. The circuit has been designed and constructed for an RF of 850 MHz, LO frequency of 1050 MHz, and an IF of 200 MHz. Experimental measurements show that the circuit provides a conversion gain of 18 dB at LO drive power of +2 dBm. It also operates satisfactorily over the RF range from 800 to 900 MHz with good image frequency rejection and stable operation.

We report on the successful implementation of a photonic-based beam steering approach for point-to-multipoint terahertz (THz) communications. The frequency-agile radiation properties of a THz leaky-wave antenna connected to a photodiode are utilized in the remote transmitter for generating multiple individually steerable THz beams. The approach benefits from the ultra-wide frequency tunability of optical heterodyne systems for frequency-agile THz beam steering. Moreover, the approach allows to exploit high performance and mature optical modulation techniques for generating THz beams with a high data capacity. In the THz receiver, a carrier frequency insensitive envelope THz detector based upon a single Schottky-barrier diode is used. In detail, THz communications in the 300 GHz band (WR3.4) with a maximum steering angle up to 90° is reported. Experimentally, for single steerable THz beam operation, a record high data rate of 35 Gbit/s at a wireless distance of 30 cm is achieved using two-level pulse amplitude modulation. Also, longer wireless distances up to 110 cm with 5 Gbit/s are demonstrated. Furthermore, point-to-multipoint THz communications is reported using two individually steerable THz beams carrying 10 Gbit/s and 5 Gbit/s over 70 cm and 50 cm, respectively.

This paper presents the radio frequency (RF) design and experimental validation of a multifunctional bandpass filtering (BPF) concept with center frequency tunability and RF codesigned isolator and impedance matching functionality. The multifunctional bandpass filter/isolator (BPFI) concept combines frequency-tunable reciprocal resonators and nonreciprocal frequency-selective stages (NFSs) to realize center frequency tunability and fully directional transfer characteristics. The NFS, as the core component of the BPFI concept, exhibits frequency-selective transmission response in the forward direction and signal cancellation in the reverse direction. Its tunability is achieved by combining a transistor-based network with a tunable capacitively loaded coupled-line section. Furthermore, the NFS facilitates matching of different source loads allowing for the BPFIs to be used as reconfigurable matching networks. For experimental validation, an NFS and two BPFIs were designed, manufactured, and measured at L band. Their features include (i) NFS: center frequency tuning from 1.55 to 1.9 GHz with maximum directivity from 20 to 52 dB and gain from 0.3 to 1.3 dB. (ii) BPFI (topology A): center frequency tuning from 1.52 to 1.9 GHz with maximum directivity from 20 to 44 dB and gain from −1.5 to −0.5 dB. (iii) BPFI (topology C): ability to match complex loads with 26 + j18 Ω and 26 − j14 Ω.

In [A. Capozzoli, C. Curcio, A. Liseno, MMS, Pizzo Calabro, Italy, 2022], the problem of modeling a source/scatterer using an equivalent radiator has been addressed and an approach has been given and numerically assessed.

Once dimensioned the radiating panel, a practical implementation can be provided by a non-uniform array. The element positions should be chosen so that the array is capable to approximate, with an adequate accuracy, the fields radiated by the equivalent radiator. Here, the array element positioning is performed by exploiting a quadrature rule which takes into account that the singular functions supported on the region of interest associated to the most significant singular values of the radiation operator are related to those supported on the equivalent panel by a radiation integral. The quadrature rule enables also to choose a set of weights which are essential in the definition of the element excitation coefficients from the knowledge of the source distribution on the equivalent panel. For simplicity, a one-dimensional problem with a Legendre quadrature rule is considered. The approach is numerically assessed by checking the capability of the array to radiate, with a satisfactory degree of accuracy, the singular functions associated to the region of interest.

This paper presents a methodology to design band-pass filters having ultrawide stopband characteristics using multilayer circular substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavities. The orthogonal microstrip feedlines are used as input and output ports that are present at the top and bottom layers, while the middle layers are used to couple the SIW cavities. Higher-order spurious modes of the circular SIW cavity are suppressed by using orthogonal feeding mechanism and properly adjusting the arc-shaped slots between the cavities. To validate the present approach, two filters (second- and fourth-order) have been designed and fabricated and their characteristics are measured. The second-order filter exhibits a stopband rejection below 25 dB up to nearly 5.07f0, while the fourth-order filter has a stopband characteristic of nearly 5.05f0 with 20 dB rejection. The filters allow only TM010 mode propagation and attenuate the higher-order spurious modes of the cavity.

This research article proposes a dual-sense dual-port wideband circularly polarized (CP) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna designed for Wi-Fi 6E applications. The main novelty lies in achieving CP for both ports using a truncated rectangular-shaped aperture. By incorporating design and spatial diversity and defective ground structure between the two radiators, the design improves isolation and enables the antenna to generate Left-Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP)depending on the selected feed port. The proposed MIMO rectangular dielectric resonator antenna demonstrates an impressive impedance-matching bandwidth (IBW)from 5.5 to 8.0 GHz (37.10%) as well as an axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) covering from 6.0 to 6.55 GHz (12.20%). Additionally, the dual-port wideband CP MIMO antenna exhibits satisfactory diversity performance parameters. To validate the simulated results, a physical prototype is fabricated and subjected to experimental testing. The measured outcomes of the fabricated model align closely with the simulated results, confirming the accuracy of the design. With both MIMO and CP capabilities and improved isolation, this proposed model proves beneficial in reducing latency and minimizing the impact of multipath fading. Therefore, it stands as an excellent choice for future devices utilizing the Wi-Fi 6E band due to its broad IBW and overlappingAR.

Large reflector antennas, such as the European Space Agency deep space antennas (DSAs), practically always require struts to support the sub-reflector. While inevitable, they deteriorate the antenna performance. To minimize this deterioration, it is pivotal to understand the role played by different features, including struts diameter and shape. This paper proposes a detailed numerical investigation on the impact of these features on antenna efficiency and side lobes, for a test case comprising both DSA3 and DSA4. It is demonstrated, for the first time in a comprehensive and quantitative way that includes different permutations for the strut design, that both features are significant to define the deterioration, thus providing a significant feedback for struts design.

Resonant Bessel-beam launchers (BBLs)are radiating devices constituted by a cylindrical metallic cavity with a partially reflecting sheet (PRS) on top. Millimeter-wave resonant BBLs typically exhibit transverse magnetic (TM) polarization due to the use of coaxial probes as feeders and homogenized metasurfaces as PRS. Launchers showing either a purely transverse electric (TE) or a hybrid (quasi-TE) polarization have recently been proposed for realizing wireless power transfer (WPT) links in the radiative near-field region at millimeter waves. The former are obtained by means of a radial slot array as a feeder and a homogenized metasurface as a PRS. The latter are obtained by using a loop antenna as a feeder and an annular strip grating in the homogenization limit as radiating aperture. In this work, based on an original semi-analytical model, such a metasurface is demonstrated to show a dichroic behavior. This interpretation explains the improvement in terms of polarization purity with respect to more nondichroic conventional homogenized metasurfaces. The behavior of the annular strip grating under a pure TM polarization is tested with a coaxial feeder, whereas its behavior under a pure TE polarization is tested by means of the radial slot array feeder. Results confirm the validity of the proposed analysis, which is finally exploited to evaluate the WPT performance.

Worldwide adoption of 5G mobile devices has been one of the main driving engines behind semiconductor industry. Since the initial release in 2020, 5G-enabled devices have surpassed the market penetration of 3G/4G smartphones. 5G brings higher data capacity, low latency, and new applications. These are possible due to lower feature nodes such as FinFET 3 nm/5 nm but also due to improvements of the 5G radio frequency (RF)front-end circuitry. This paper presents 5G RF front-end architectures with novel circuits and measurement details which will be part of future 5G advanced and 6G mobile devices and are easier to be controlled using digital circuitry. The paper presents an envelope-controlled power amplifier (PA) principle, along with a novel simplified calibration architecture designed for 5G/5G+ operating under 6 GHz, as well as for frequency range 2 millimeter-wave PAs. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2023 53rd European Microwave Conference and was published in the Proceedings [Balteanu F, Thoomu K, Pingale A, Venimadhavan S, Sarkar S, Choi Y, Modi H, Drogi S, Lee J and Agarwal B (2023) Enabling RF circuit techniques for 5G and beyond In 53rd European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Berlin, Germany, 22–25].

Development of large-scale quantum computing systems will require radio frequency (RF) and microwave technologies operating reliably at cryogenic temperatures down to tens of milli-Kelvin (mK). The quantum bits in the most promising quantum computing technologies such as the superconducting quantum computing are designed using principles of microwave engineering and operated using microwave signals. The control, readout, and coupling of qubits are implemented using a network of microwave components operating at various temperature stages. To ensure reliable operation of quantum computing systems, it is critical to ensure optimal performance of these microwave components and qubits at their respective operating temperatures, which can be as low as mK temperatures. It is, therefore, critical to understand the microwave characteristics of waveforms, components, circuits, networks, and systems at cryogenic temperatures. The UK’s National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is focussed on developing new microwave measurement capabilities through the UK’s National Quantum Technologies Programme to address various microwave test and measurement challenges in quantum computing. This includes the development of various measurement capabilities to characterize the microwave performance of quantum and microwave devices and substrate materials at cryogenic temperatures. This paper summarizes the roadmap of activities at NPL to address these microwave metrology challenges in quantum computing.

Basically, a 4 × 4 Butler matrix (BM) connected to an antenna array allows to have four beams, each oriented in a specific direction depending on the excitation port. In this paper, an almost continuously steerable beam system based on a conventional 4 × 4 BM with adjustable phase shift is presented and demonstrated. Here, varicap diodes are used instead of an additional phase shifter. Under different bias levels applied to the couplers throughout these varicap diodes, an output variable phase difference was obtained. A prototype of the proposed tunable BM integrated with an antenna array operating at 3.5 GHz was fabricated and tested. The experimental results show a good agreement with those simulated. A reflection and isolation coefficient better than −15 dB over the entire desired frequency band and an amplitude imbalance lower than ±1.5 dB were achieved. The measured radiating beam under different DC biasing can be oriented from ±6° to ±18° when port 1 or 4 is excited and oriented from ±32° to ±43° for ports 2 and 3.