^{page 3 note 2} For analyses of traditionalism in Iranian politics see James, A. Bill, ‘The Plasticity of Informal Politics: The Case of Iran’, paper delivered at the Conference on the Structure of Power in Islamic Iran at UCLA, 06 1969;Google Scholar and his ‘The Iranian Intelligentsia: Class and Change,’ unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (Princeton, 1968);Google Scholar also Marvin, Zonis ‘Iran: The Politics of Insecurity’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (M.I.T., 1968).Google Scholar See also Leonard, Binder, Iran (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1962),Google Scholar and Andrew, F. Westwood, ‘Politics of Distrust in Iran’, Annals, no. 358 (03 1965), pp. 123–35.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 1} Gerth, H. H. and Wright Mills, C. (ed. and trans.), From Max Weber (New York, 1958), p. 78.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 2} See especially ‘State’, Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, new edition. For a thought- provoking discussion of private violence and its decline in one Western society, see Lawrence, Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy: 1558–1641 (New York, 1967), ch. v, ‘Power’.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 1} Nikki, R. Keddie, ‘The Roots of the Ulama's Power in Modem Iran’, Studia Islamica, vol. 29 (1969), pp. 31–53.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 1} Hamid, Algar, Religion and State in Iran 1785–1906 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969),Google Scholar and Nikki, R. Keddie, Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Iranian Tobacco Protest of 1891–1892 (London, 1966)Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 2} See Algar, op. cit.; Browne, E. G., The Persian Revolution of 1905–1909 (Cambridge, 1910);Google Scholar and Nikki, R. Keddie, ‘The Origins of the Religious–Radical Alliance in Iran’, Past and Present, no. 34 (07 1966), pp. 70–80.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 1} Firuz, Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864–1914 (New Haven 1968);Google ScholarNikki, R. Keddie, ‘British Policy and the Iranian Opposition, 1901–1907’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 39 (09 1967), pp. 266–82,Google Scholar and ‘Iranian Politics 1900–1905: Background to Revolution’, Middle Eastern Studies, vol. V (1969), pp. 3–31, 151–67 234–50.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 1} See Browne, E. G., The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia (Cambridge 1914);Google ScholarNikki, R. Keddie, ‘Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 4 (04 1962), pp. 265–95;Google Scholar and Hafez, Farman Farmayan, ‘The Forces of Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Iran’, in Polk, W. R. and Chambers, R. L. (ed.), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East (Chicago, 1968), pp. 119–51.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 1} On the Bakhtiari see Gene, R. Garthwaite, ‘The Bakhtiyāri Khāns: Tribal disunity in Iran 1880–1915’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA, 1969).Google Scholar On the middle class and the revolution see Abrahamian, E., ‘The Crowd in the Persian Revolution’, Iranian Studies, vol. 2 (Fall, 1969), pp. 128–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 10 note 1} See Nikki, R. Keddie, Historical Obstacles to Agrarian Change in Iran (Claremont, Calif., 1960);Google ScholarA. K. S., Lambton,Landlord and Peasant in Persia (London, 1953); and the series of studies on rural living standard in the English language edition of the journal Tahqiqat é eqtesadi.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 1} On the changes in Iranian society since the rise of Rezâ Shâh see especially Amin, Banani, The Modernization of Iran, 1921–1941 (Stanford, 1961),Google Scholar and Richard, W. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran (Pittsburgh, 1964).Google Scholar On the army see Hurewitz, J. C., Middle East Politics: The Military Dimension (New York, 1969), ch. 15, ‘An American Client: Iran’.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 1} See the many revelant points in Gunnar, Myrdal, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, 3 vols. (New York, 1968). L. C. Brown has suggested to me that a long tradition as a political entity may be as important as lack of colonialism in political stability. Thus, Morocco, for example, has been more stable than the mandated countries carved out of Arab Asia.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 1} See Peter, R. Odell, ‘The Significance of Oil’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 3, no. 3 (07 1968), pp. 93–110.Google Scholar According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Quarterly Economic Review: Iran, no. 2 (1968), pp. 5, 10, however, the Consortium has apparently not yet agreed to significant concessions regarding an Iranian say in production levels.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 1} For a longer analysis of the social impact of recent land reforms see Nikki, R. Keddie, ‘The Iranian Village before and after Land Reform’, Journal of Contemporary History vol. 3, no. 3 (07, 1968), pp. 69–91;Google Scholar and Lanibton, A. K. S., The Persian Land Reform, 1962–1966 (Oxford, 1969).Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 1} Keddie, , ‘The Iranian Village’, pp. 86–87,Google Scholar and Bank, Markazi IranBulletin, 07–08 1967, p. 194.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 2} E. I. U. Quarterly Economic Review: Iran, pp. 11–12.Google Scholar See also Doreen, Warriner, Land Reform in Principle and Practice (Oxford, 1969).Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 3} Cf., A. K. S. Lambton, ‘A Reconsideration of the Position of the Marja 'al-Taqlîd and the Religious Institution’, Studia Islamica, vol. 20 (1964), esp. pp. 120–1.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 1} Without trying to list all the sources and observations on which the above generalizations are based, attention may be drawn to two excellent recent books: George, B. Baldwin, Planning and Development in Iran (Baltimore, Md., 1967),Google Scholar and Paul, Ward English, City and Village in Iran (Madison, Wis., 1966). Thanks are also due Peter Avery for letting me see various materials on contemporary Iran, including most chapters of a book he is editing on the subject.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 2} See the chapter on women in the forthcoming book edited by Avery. On recent reform legislation see Doreen, Hinchcliffe, ‘The Iranian Family Protection Act’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 17 (04 1968), pp. 516–21.Google Scholar