Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T06:17:40.105Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Effectiveness of Means of Controlling Communicable Diseases

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 October 2009

Kenneth S. Warren
Affiliation:
The Picower Institute for Medical Research

Abstract

Most communicable diseases are caused by infectious agents that are not visible to the naked eye, which led earlier societies to believe in miasmas and control by quarantine. Although microscopes revealed the agents in the eighteenth century, they were not associated with disease syndromes until the late nineteeth century. Today, vaccines are the most cost-effective means of control.

Type
Special Section: Vaccines and Public Health: Assessing Technologies and Public Policies
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Ada, G. L. Vaccines and the challenge of parasitic infections. In Warren, K. S. (ed.), Immunology and molecular biology of parasitic infections. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993, 126–39.Google Scholar
2.Anderson, R. M., & May, R. M.Population biology of infectious diseases. Nature, 1979, 280, 361–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Banerji, D.Technocentric approach to health: Western response to Alma-Ata. Economic and Political Weekly, 1986, 21, 1233.Google Scholar
4.Bloom, B. R.Vaccines for the third world. Nature, 1989, 342, 115–20.Google Scholar
5.Henderson, R. H.Child survival-world survival: An epidemiologist's story. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1989, 23, 271–76.Google Scholar
6.Hoeppli, R.Parasites and parasitic infections in early medicine and science. Singapore: University of Malaya Press, 1959.Google Scholar
7.Manson, P.Tropical diseases: A manual of the diseases of warm climates. London: Cassell, 1898.Google Scholar
8.Manson, P.The need for special training in tropical disease. Journal of Tropical Diseases, 1899, 2, 5762.Google Scholar
9.McKeown, T.The modern rise of population. New York: Academic Press, 1976.Google Scholar
10.Ponnighaus, J. M., Fine, P. E. M., Sterne, J. A. C., et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccines against leprosy and tuberculosis in northern Malawi. Lancet, 1992, 339, 636–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Ross, R.The future of tropical medicine. British Medical Journal, 1909, 1, 1545.Google Scholar
12.Sack, D. A., Freij, L., & Holmgren, J.Prospects for public health benefits in developing countries from new vaccines against enteric infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1991, 163, 503–06.Google Scholar
13.Steinhoff, M. C.Viral vaccines for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing nations: Priorities and prospects. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 1991, 13, S56270.Google Scholar
14.Walsh, J. A.Establishing health priorities in the developing world. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 1988.Google Scholar
15.Walsh, J. A., & Warren, K. S.Selective primary health care: An interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. New England-Journal of Medicine, 1979, 301, 967–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Warren, K. S.The guerrilla worm [editorial]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1970, 282, 810–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Warren, K. S.Immunology of parasitic infections: Report of a workshop. Introductory remarks. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1977, 26, 68.Google Scholar
18.Warren, K. S.New scientific opportunities and old obstacles in vaccine development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1986, 83, 9275–77.Google Scholar
19.Warren, K. S. The biotechnology and children's revolutions. In Root, R. K., Warren, K. S., Griffiss, J. M., et al. (eds.), Immunization. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1989.Google Scholar
20.Warren, K. S.Tropical medicine or tropical health: The Heath Clark lectures, 1988. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 1990, 12, 142–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Warren, K. S.An integrated system for the control of the major human helminth parasites. Acta Leidensia, 1990, 59, 433–42.Google Scholar
22.Warren, K. S.McKeown's mistake. Health Transition Review, 1991, 1, 229–33.Google Scholar
23.Werzberger, A., Mensch, B., Kuter, B., et al. A controlled trial of a formalin-activated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children. New England Journal of Medicine, 1992, 327, 453–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Worboys, M. The emergence and early development of parasitology. In Warren, K. S. & Bowers, J. Z. (eds.), Parasitology: A global perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983.Google Scholar