Objectives: To provide information to health authorities and others on the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) and the impact on health services should an additional HBOT facility be established in the provincial health care system.

Methods: A literature review on the clinical use of HBOT was conducted, drawing on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and HealthSTAR. For each of 13 conditions, the effectiveness of HBOT was assessed, with reference to a widely used classification of level of evidence. Cost implications were considered for each condition for which there was sufficient evidence of effectiveness. The perspective was that of the payer.

Results: Good evidence of effectiveness exists for HBOT for four conditions and HBOT is established as the clinical standard of care for two others. Available evidence did not support the routine use of HBOT for a further seven indications. An additional 59–87 patients per year would be eligible for HBOT if a second facility were established in the province. Improvement in quality of life could be expected for 30–60 persons per year. A new facility would result in identified additional annual expenditure of $108,000. Capital costs could exceed $600,000.

Conclusions: On the basis of the available evidence on benefits and costs to routine health care, there did not seem to be a particularly strong case for establishing a second HBOT center in the province. Following the assessment, the health authority made a decision not to provide funding for this additional service.