Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-21T10:05:45.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Embedded Revisionism: Networks, Institutions, and Challenges to World Order

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2018

Stacie E. Goddard
Get access

Abstract

How do institutions shape revisionist behavior in world politics? Applying a network-relational approach to revisionist states and challenges to institutional order, I conceive of institutions as networks—as patterns of ongoing social transactions in which revisionists are embedded. Revisionist behavior is shaped by how a state is positioned within this existing network of institutions. A state's position significantly influences the material and cultural resources the state can deploy in pursuit of its aims, and thus the revisionist's strategy. Focusing on two measures of network position—access and brokerage—I propose four ideal types of revisionists and their strategies in the international system: integrated revisionists, who are likely to pursue institutional engagement; bridging revisionists, who will seek rule-based revolution; isolated revisionists, who prefer to exit the institutional system; and rogue revisionists, who have few resources at hand, and thus ultimately must resort to hegemonic violence. I test these ideal types in four cases of revisionists and institutional orders: Russia in the 1820s; Prussia in the 1860s; the Soviet Union in the early Cold War; and Japan in the 1920s and 1930s.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 72 , Issue 4 , Fall 2018 , pp. 763 - 797
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I thank Debbi Avant, Charli Carpenter, Tunde Cserpes, David Edelstein, Paul MacDonald, Ron Krebs, Mikki Kressbach, George Lawson, Jennifer Mitzen, Joseph Parent, Bruce Russett, Kathryn Sikkink, Duncan Snidal, Art Stein, Bill Wohlforth, the participants at the Yale International Relations seminar, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments. The Norwegian Research Council provided funding in support of this article under the project “Evaluating Power Political Repertoires (EPOS),” project no. 250419.

References

Asada, Sadao. 2007. Between the Old Diplomacy and the New: The Washington System and the Origins of Japanese-American Rapprochement. In Culture Shock and Japanese-American Relations, 84–105. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Barnhart, Joslyn. 2016. Status Competition and Territorial Aggression: Evidence from the Scramble for Africa. Security Studies 25 (3):385–419.Google Scholar
Beasley, W.G. 1987. Japanese Imperialism, 1894–1945. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2005. Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Buzás, Zóltán. 2013. The Color of Threat: Race, Threat Perception, and the Demise of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902–1923). Security Studies 22 (4):573–606.Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. Charli. 2011. Vetting the Advocacy Agenda: Networks, Centrality, and the Paradox of Weapons Norms. International Organization 65 (1):69–102.Google Scholar
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart. 1851. Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Third Series, London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Checkel, Jeffrey. 2005. International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework. International Organization 59 (4):801–26.Google Scholar
Clark, Chester Welles. 1934. Franz Joseph and Bismarck: The Diplomacy of Austria Before the War of 1866. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cowles, Loyal. 1990. The Failure to Restrain Russia: Canning, Nesselrode, and the Greek Question, 1825–1827. International History Review 12 (4):688–720.Google Scholar
Crawley, C.W. 1973. The Question of Greek Independence. New York: Fertig.Google Scholar
Deudney, Daniel. 1996. Binding Sovereigns: Authorities, Structures, and Geopolitics in Philadelphian Systems. In State Sovereignty as Social Construct, edited by Bierstecker, Thomas J. and Weber, Cynthia, 190–239. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dickinson, Frederick R. 1999. War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War, 1914–1919. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dorpalen, Andreas. 1948. Emperor Frederick III and the German Liberal Movement. The American Historical Review 54 (1):1–31.Google Scholar
Echard, William E. 1983. Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Goodwin, Jeffrey. 1994. Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency. American Journal of Sociology 99 (6):1141–54.Google Scholar
Feng, Huiyun, 2009. Is China a Revisionist Power? Chinese Journal of International Politics 2 (3):313–33.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization 52 (4):887–917.Google Scholar
Friedberg, Aaron L. 2011. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 1988. The Theory of Hegemonic War. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 (4):591–613.Google Scholar
Glaser, Charles L. 2010. A Rational Theory of International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Goddard, Stacie E. 2009. Brokering Change: Networks and Entrepreneurs in International Politics. International Theory 1 (2):249–81.Google Scholar
Goddard, Stacie E., and Nexon, Daniel H.. 2016. Dynamics of Power Politics: A Framework for Analysis. Journal of Global Security Studies 1 (1):4–18.Google Scholar
Goh, Evelyn. 2013. The Struggle for Order: Hegemony, Hierarchy, and Transition in Post-Cold War East Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grieco, Joseph M. 1995. The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the Neo-Realist Research Programme. Review of International Studies 21 (1):21–40.Google Scholar
Haas, Mark. 2005. The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, Emilie, Kahler, Miles, and Montgomery, Alexander H.. 2009. Network Analysis for International Relations. International Organization 63 (3):559–92.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, Emilie, and Montgomery, Alexander H.. 2006. Power Positions: International Organizations, Social Networks, and Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (1):3–27.Google Scholar
Hallberg, Charles W. 1955. Franz Joseph and Napoleon III 1852–1864: A Study of Austro-French Relations. New York: Bookman Associates.Google Scholar
Haslam, Jonathan. 1984. The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe: 1933–1939. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Haslam, Jonathan. 2011. Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Henderson, W.O. 1939. The Zollverein. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hinsley, F.H. 1982. The Rise and Fall of the Modern International System. Review of International Studies 8 (1):1–8.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, William, 2010. The Marshall Plan and the Creation of the West. In The Cambridge History of the Cold War, volume 1, edited by Leffler, Melvyn and Westad, Odd Arne, 154–74. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hosoyo, Chihiro. 1982. The 1934 Anglo-Japanese Non-Aggression Pact. International Studies Quarterly 25 (3):491–517.Google Scholar
Hu, Shizhang. 1995. Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy, 1919–1937. London: Greenwood Press 1995.Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew. 2007. On Global Order. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John. 2011. Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Iriye, Akira. 1990, US Policy Toward Japan Before World War II. In Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War, edited by Conroy, Hilary and Wray, Harry, 17–26. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Jarrett, Mark. 2013. The Congress of Vienna and Its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon. London: I.B. Taurus.Google Scholar
Johnston, Alistair Iain. 2003. Is China a Status Quo Power? International Security 27 (4):5–56.Google Scholar
Johnston, Alistair Iain. 2008. Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980–2000. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kagan, Korina. 1997. The Myth of the European Concert: The Realist-Institutionalist Debate and Great Power Behavior in the Eastern Question, 1821–41. Security Studies 7 (2):1–57.Google Scholar
Khong, Yuen Foong. 2013/2014. Primacy or World Order? The United States and China's Rise—A Review Essay. International Security 38 (3):153–75.Google Scholar
Kissinger, Henry. 1957. A World Restored. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.Google Scholar
Kupchan, Charles A. 2012. No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kydd, Andrew. 1997. Game Theory and the Spiral Model. World Politics 49 (3):371–400.Google Scholar
LaFeber, Walter. 1997. The Clash: US-Japanese Relations Throughout History. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Leeds, Brett Ashley, Ritter, Jeffrey M., Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, and Long, Andrew G.. 2002. Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions, 1815–1944. International Interactions 28 (3):237–60.Google Scholar
Legro, Jeffrey. 2005. Rethinking the World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Robert C. 2002. Ideas, Institutions, and Political Order: Explaining Political Change. The American Political Science Review 96 (4):697–712.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Paul K. 2014. Networks of Domination: The Social Foundations of Peripheral Conquest in International Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Paul K. 2018. Embedded Authority: A Relational Network Approach to Hierarchy in World Politics. Review of International Studies 44 (1):128–50.Google Scholar
Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak. 2001. The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
McAllister, James. 2002. No Exit: America and the German Problem, 1943–1954. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. 2014. Can China Rise Peacefully? National Interest, 25 October. Available at < http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/can-china-rise-peacefully-10204>..>Google Scholar
Mitzen, Jennifer. 2013. Power in Concert. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mitzen, Jennifer. 2015. Illusion or Intention? Talking Grand Strategy into Existence. Security Studies 24 (1):61–94.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Alex. 2016. Centrality in Transnational Governance: How Networks of International Institutions Shape Power Processes. In New Power Politics: Networks, Governance, and Global Security, edited by Avant, Deborah and Westerwinter, Oliver, 19–40. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mosse, W.E. 1958. The European Powers and the German Question. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, David T. 1991. Prussian Aims for the Zollverein, 1828–1833. The Historian 53 (2):285–302.Google Scholar
Nexon, Daniel. 2009. The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires, and International Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nichols, Irby C. Jr. 1971. The European Pentarchy and the Congress of Verona, 1822. The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Nipperdey, Thomas. 2014. Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nish, Ian. 1993. Japan's Struggle with Internationalism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ogata, Sadako. 1964. Defiance in Manchuria: The Making of Japanese Foreign Policy, 1931–1932. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Organski, A.F.K., and Kugler, Jacek. 1980. The War Ledger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Padgett, John F. 2017. The Emergence of Organizations and States. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Networks, edited by Victor, Jennifer Nicoll, Montgomery, Alexander H., and Lubell, Mark, 59–90. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pechatnov, Vladimir O. 1995. The Big Three After World War II: New Documents on Soviet Thinking about Post War Relations with the United States and Great Britain. Wilson Center: Cold War History Project. Available at <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF17F.PDF>..>Google Scholar
Pechatnov, Vladimir O. 2010. The Soviet Union and the World, 1944–1953. In The Cambridge History of the Cold War, volume 1, edited by Leffler, Melvyn and Westad, Odd Arne, 90–111. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pflanze, Otto. 1955. Bismarck and German Nationalism. The American Historical Review 60 (3):548–66.Google Scholar
Pflanze, Otto. 1963. Bismarck and the Development of Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pons, Silvio. 2014. The Global Revolution: A History of International Communism 1917–1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pons, Silvio. 2015. The Soviet Union and the International Left. In The Cambridge History of the Second World War, edited by Bosworth, Richard and Maiolo, Joseph, 68–90. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rapkin, David, and Thompson, William R.. 2003. Power Transition, Challenge and the Reemergence of China. International Interactions 29 (4):315–42.Google Scholar
Rendall, M., 2000. Russia, the Concert of Europe, and Greece, 1821–29: A Test of Hypotheses About the Vienna System. Security Studies 9 (1):52–90.Google Scholar
Renshon, Jonathan. 2016. Status Deficits and War. International Organization 70 (3):513–50.Google Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian. 1997. The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions. International Organization 51 (4):555–91.Google Scholar
Roberts, Geoffrey. 2006. Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Paul W. 1992. Did the Vienna Settlement Rest on a Balance of Power? The American Historical Review 97 (3):683–706.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Paul W. 1994. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schweller, Randall. 1999. Managing the Rise of Great Powers. In Engaging China: The Management of an Emerging Power, edited by Johnston, Alistair Ian and Ross, Robert S., 1–31. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack L. 1991. Myths of Empire. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Steefel, Lawrence D. 1932. Bismarck, the Hohenzollern Candidacy, and the Origins of the Franco-German War of 1870. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Steinberg, Jonathan. 2011. Bismarck: A Life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1998. Contentious Conversation. Social Research 653 (3):491–510.Google Scholar
Tsygankov, Andrei P. 2012. Russia and the West from Alexander to Putin: Honor in International Relations. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 2016. Why Putin Took Crimea. Foreign Affairs, May/June.Google Scholar
Walker, Stephen G., ed. 1987. Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Walt, Stephen. 2009. Alliances in a Unipolar World. World Politics 61 (1):86–120.Google Scholar
Ward, Steven M. 2013. Race, Status, and Japanese Revisionism in the Early 1930s. Security Studies 22 (4):607–39.Google Scholar
Weitsman, Patricia A. 2004. Dangerous Alliances: Proponents of Peace, Weapons of War. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Sandra. 1995. Containing the Crisis Japan's Diplomatic Offensive in the West, 1931–33. Modern Asian Studies 29 (2):355–58.Google Scholar
Wray, Harry. 1990. Japanese-American Relations and Perceptions, 1900–1940. In Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War, 1–16. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Zarakol, Ayşe. 2010. After Defeat: How the East Learned to Live with the West. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Goddard supplementary material

Appendix

Download Goddard supplementary material(File)
File 143.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Goddard supplementary material

Goddard supplementary material 1

Download Goddard supplementary material(File)
File 560.9 KB