Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T03:23:51.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Validity of the geriatric depression scale and the collateral source version of the geriatric depression scale in nursing homes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2015

Zhicheng Li ,
Yun-Hee Jeon ,
Lee-Fay Low ,
Lynn Chenoweth ,
Daniel W. O’Connor ,
Elizabeth Beattie  and
Henry Brodaty
Zhicheng Li
Affiliation:
Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Yun-Hee Jeon*
Affiliation:
Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Lee-Fay Low
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Lynn Chenoweth
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
Daniel W. O’Connor
Affiliation:
Monash Ageing Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Elizabeth Beattie
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Dementia Collaborative Research Centre: Carers and Consumers, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Henry Brodaty
Affiliation:
Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Yun-Hee Jeon, Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia. Phone: +61 2 9351 0674; Fax: +61 2 9351 0679. Email: yun-hee.jeon@sydney.edu.au.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder in older people. The study aimed to examine the screening accuracy of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Collateral Source version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (CS-GDS) in the nursing home setting.

Methods:

Eighty-eight residents from 14 nursing homes were assessed for depression using the GDS and the CS-GDS, and validated against clinician diagnosed depression using the Semi-structured Clinical Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders (SCID) for residents without dementia and the Provisional Diagnostic Criteria for Depression in Alzheimer Disease (PDCdAD) for those with dementia. The screening performances of five versions of the GDS (30-, 15-, 10-, 8-, and 4-item) and two versions of the CS-GDS (30- and 15-item) were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results:

Among residents without dementia, both the self-rated (AUC = 0.75–0.79) and proxy-rated (AUC = 0.67) GDS variations performed significantly better than chance in screening for depression. However, neither instrument adequately identified depression among residents with dementia (AUC between 0.57 and 0.70). Among the GDS variations, the 4- and 8-item scales had the highest AUC and the optimal cut-offs were >0 and >3, respectively.

Conclusions:

The validity of the GDS in detecting depression requires a certain level of cognitive functioning. While the CS-GDS is designed to remedy this issue by using an informant, it did not have adequate validity in detecting depression among residents with dementia. Further research is needed on informant selection and other factors that can potentially influence the validity of proxy-based measures in the nursing home setting.

Keywords

depressionnursing homesassessmentgeriatric depression scale
Type
Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 27 , Issue 9 , September 2015 , pp. 1495 - 1504
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, K. B. (2011). Do the GDS and the GDS-15 adequately capture the range of depressive symptoms among older residents in congregate housing? International Psychogeriatrics, 23, 950–960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, K. B., Matto, H. C. and Sanders, S. (2004). Confirmatory factor analysis of the geriatric depression scale. The Gerontologist, 44, 818–826.Google Scholar
Allgaier, A. K., Kramer, D., Saravo, B., Mergl, R., Fejtkova, S. and Hegerl, U. (2013). Beside the geriatric depression scale: the WHO-five well-being index as a valid screening tool for depression in nursing homes. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28, 1197–1204.Google Scholar
Almeida, O. P. and Almeida, S. A. (1999). Short versions of the geriatric depression scale: a study of their validity for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 858–865.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, text revision (DSM-IV TR). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Ames, D. (1993). Depressive disorders among elderly people in longterm institutional care. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 379–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing (2011). The Review of the Aged Care Funding Instrument. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2013a). Depression in residential aged care 2008–2012. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2013b). Residential Aged Care and Aged Care Packages in the Community 2011–12. Canberra: AIHW.Google Scholar
Brown, L. M. and Schinka, J. A. (2005). Development and initial validation of a 15-item informant version of the geriatric depression scale. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 911–918.Google Scholar
Burke, W. J. et al. (1997). The reliability and validity of the collateral source version of the geriatric depression rating scale administered by telephone. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 288–294.Google Scholar
Chang, Y.-P., Edwards, D. F. and Lach, H. W. (2011). The collateral source version of the geriatric depression scale: evaluation of psychometric properties and discrepancy between collateral sources and patients with dementia in reporting depression. International Psychogeriatrics, 23, 961–968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, C. I., Hyland, K. and Kimhy, D. (2003). The utility of mandatory depression screening of dementia patients in nursing homes. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 2012–2017.Google Scholar
Conradsson, M., Rosendahla, E., Littbranda, H., Gustafson, Y., Olofsson, B. and Lövheim, H. (2013). Usefulness of the geriatric depression scale 15-item version among very old people with and without cognitive impairment. Aging and Mental Health, 17, 638–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Ath, P., Katona, P., Mullan, E., Evans, S. and Katona, C. (1994). Screening, detection and management of depression in elderly primary care attenders. I: the acceptability and performance of the 15 item geriatric depression scale (GDS15) and the development of short versions. Family Practice, 11, 260–266.Google Scholar
Davison, T. E. et al. (2012). An evaluation of a national program to implement the cornell scale for depression in dementia into routine practice in aged care facilities. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 631–641.Google Scholar
Debruyne, H. et al. (2009). Is the geriatric depression scale a reliable screening tool for depressive symptoms in elderly patients with cognitive impairment? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24, 556–562.Google Scholar
Dennis, M., Kadri, A. and Coffey, J. (2012). Depression in older people in the general hospital: a systematic review of screening instruments. Age and Ageing, 41, 148–154.Google Scholar
Dunn, V. K. and Sacco, W. P. (1989). Psychometric evaluation of the geriatric depression scale and the Zung self-rating depression scale using an elderly community sample. Psychology and Aging, 4, 125–126.Google Scholar
Fischer, J., Bachmann, L. and Jaeschke, R. (2003). A readers’ guide to the interpretation of diagnostic test properties: clinical example of sepsis. Intensive Care Medicine, 29, 1043–1051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folstein, M., Folstein, S. and McHugh, P. (1975). “Mini-mental-state:” a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.Google Scholar
Hanley, J. A. and McNeil, B. J. (1982). The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Rediology, 143, 29–36.Google Scholar
IBM Corp. (2011). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.Google Scholar
Jeon, Y.-H. et al. (2014a). Assessment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in Australian nursing homes. The Internet Journal of Psychiatry, 3 (1). http://ispub.com/IJPSY/3/1/14814#; last accessed April 27, 2015.Google Scholar
Jeon, Y.-H. et al. (2014b). The clinical utility of the cornell scale for depression in dementia as a routine assessment in nursing homes. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.08.013.Google Scholar
Jongenelis, K. et al. (2007). Construction and validation of a patient- and user-friendly nursing home version of the geriatric depression scale. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 837–842.Google Scholar
Kumar, R. and Indrayan, A. (2011). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for medical researchers. Indian Pediatrics, 48, 277–287.Google Scholar
Lach, H. W., Chang, Y. P. and Edwards, D. (2010). Can older adults with dementia accurately report depression using brief forms? Reliability and validity of the geriatric depression scale. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 36, 30–37.Google Scholar
Lesher, E. L. (1986). Validation of the geriatric depression scale among nursing home residents. Clinical Gerontologist, 4, 21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marc, L. G., Raue, P. J. and Bruce, M. L. (2008). Screening performance of the 15-item geriatric depression scale in a diverse elderly home care population. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 914–921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, I. (2006). Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McSweeney, K. and O’Connor, D. (2008). Depression among newly admitted Australian nursing home residents. International Psychogeriatrics, 20, 724–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MedCalc Software (2013). MedCalc for Windows, Version 12.7.7. Ostend, Belgium.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A. J. M., Bird, V., Rizzo, M. and Meader, N. P. (2010). Which version of the geriatric depression scale is most useful in medical settings and nursing homes? diagnostic validity meta-analysis. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 1066–1077.Google Scholar
Mondolo, F., Jahanshahi, M., Granà, A., Biasutti, E., Cacciatori, E. and Di Benedetto, P. (2006). The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the geriatric depression scale in Parkinson's disease. Behavioural Neurology, 17, 109–115.Google Scholar
Nitcher, R. L., Burke, W. J., Roccaforte, W. H. and Wengel, S. P. (1993). A collateral source version of the geriatric depression rating scale. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 143–152.Google Scholar
Nyunt, M. S. Z., Fones, C., Niti, M. and Ng, T. P. (2009). Criterion-based validity and reliability of the geriatric depression screening scale (GDS-15) in a large validation sample of community-living Asian older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 13, 376–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olin, J., Katz, I., Meyers, B., Schneider, L. and Lebowitz, B. (2002). Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 125–128.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, L., Drobetz, R., Fankhauser, S., Mortby, M. E., Maercker, A. and Forstmeier, S. (2013). Caregiver rating bias in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: Impact of caregiver burden and depression on dyadic rating discrepancy across domains. International Psychogeriatrics, 25, 1345–1355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pomeroy, I. M., Clark, C. R. and Philp, I. (2001). The effectiveness of very short scales for depression screening in elderly medical patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 321–326.Google Scholar
Reisberg, B., Ferris, S., de Leon, M. and Crook, T. (1982). The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1136–1139.Google Scholar
Sansoni, J., Marosszeky, N., Fleming, G. and Sansoni, E. (2010). Selecting Tools for ACAT Assessment: A Report for the Aged Care Assessment Program (ACAP) Expert Clinical Reference Group. Report for the Aged Care Assessment Program, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing Canberra: Centre for Health Service Development, Wollongong, NSW: University of Wollongong.Google Scholar
Sansoni, J. et al. (2007). Final Report: Dementia Outcomes Measurement Suite Project. Centre for Health Service Development, Wollongong, NSW: University of Wollongong.Google Scholar
Shah, A., Herbert, R., Lewis, S., Mahendran, R., Platt, J. and Bhattacharyya, B. (1997). Screening for depression among acutely ill geriatric inpatients with a short geriatric depression scale. Age and Ageing, 26, 217–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheikh, J. I. and Yesavage, J. A. (1986). Geriatric depression scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 165–173.Google Scholar
Snow, A. L., Cook, K. F., Lin, P.-S., Morgan, R. O. and Magaziner, J. (2005). Proxies and other external raters: methodological considerations. Health Services Research, 40, 1676–1693.Google Scholar
Snowdon, J. (2010). Depression in nursing homes. International Psychogeriatrics, 22, 1143–1148.Google Scholar
Snowdon, J. and Fleming, R. (2008). Recognising depression in residential facilities: an Australian challenge. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 295–300.Google Scholar
Teresi, J., Abrams, R., Holmes, D., Ramirez, M. and Eimicke, J. (2001). Prevalence of depression and depression recognition in nursing homes. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 613–620.Google Scholar
Watson, L. C., Zimmerman, S., Cohen, L. W. and Dominik, R. (2009). Practical depression screening in residential care/assisted living: five methods compared with gold standard diagnoses. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 556–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelan, P. J., Gaughran, F., Walwyn, R., Chatterton, K. and Macdonald, A. (2008). “Do you feel that your life is empty?” The clinical utility of a one-off question for detecting depression in elderly care home residents. Age and Ageing, 37, 475–478.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K. et al. (1990). Scan: Schedules fonr clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 589–593.Google Scholar
Yesavage, J. A. et al. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youden, W. J. (1950). Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer, 3, 32–35.Google Scholar