Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:27:35.526Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Examination of commercially available bird feed for weed seed contaminants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2020

Eric Oseland Open the ORCID record for Eric Oseland [Opens in a new window] ,
Mandy Bish Open the ORCID record for Mandy Bish [Opens in a new window] ,
Christine Spinka  and
Kevin Bradley Open the ORCID record for Kevin Bradley [Opens in a new window]
Eric Oseland
Affiliation:
Graduate Research Assistant, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
Mandy Bish
Affiliation:
Extension Weed Specialist, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
Christine Spinka
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
Kevin Bradley*
Affiliation:
Professor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri, 201 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO65211. (Email: bradleyke@mail.missouri.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In 2016 and 2017, 98 separate commercially available bird feed mixes were examined for the presence of weed seed. All weed seed contaminants were counted and identified by species. Amaranthus species were present in 94 of the 98 bags of bird feed. Amaranthus species present in bird feed mixes included waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.). Amaranthus palmeri was present in 27 of the 98 mixes. Seed of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus L., syn: Polygonum convolvulus), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and Setaria species were also present in bird feed mixes. A greenhouse assay to determine Amaranthus species seed germinability and resistance to glyphosate revealed that approximately 19% of Amaranthus seed in bird feed mixes are readily germinable, and five mixes contained A. tuberculatus and A. palmeri seed that were resistant to glyphosate. Results from linear regression and t-test analysis indicate that when proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), grain sorghum, and corn (Zea mays L.) were present in feed mixes, Amaranthus seed contamination was increased. The presence of proso millet and grain sorghum also increased contamination of grass weed species, while sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) increased A. artemisiifolia contamination and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) increased contamination of Bassia scoparia.

Keywords

Bird feedPalmer amaranthpigweedsseed dispersalweed seed
Type
Research Article
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 14 - 22
Copyright
© Weed Science Society of America, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor: Steven S. Seefeldt, Washington State University

References

Anderson, RL (1987) Broadleaf weed control in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) with sulfonylurea herbicides. Weed Technol 1:242–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berglund, D, Reveland, N, Bergman, J (2007) Safflower Production. North Dakota State University. https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/bitstream/handle/10365/9154/A870_2007.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed: February 19, 2019Google Scholar
Blackshaw, RE, Derksen, DA, Muendel, H-H (1990) Herbicide combinations for postemergent weed control in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Weed Technol 4:97–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohren, C, Mermillod, G, Delabays, N (2006) Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in Switzerland: development of a nationwide concerted action. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz 20:497Google Scholar
Brandes, D, Nitzsche, J (2006) Biology, introduction, dispersal, and distribution of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) with special regard to Germany. Nachrichtenblatt-Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes Braunschweig 58:286Google Scholar
Chahal, PS, Aulakh, JS, Jugulam, M, Jhala, AJ (2015) Herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) in the United States—mechanisms of resistance, impact, and management. In Price, A, Kelton, J, Sarunaite, L, eds. Herbicides, Agronomic Crops and Weed Biology. InTechOpen. 10.5772/61512Google Scholar
Chauvel, B, Vieren, E, Fumanal, B, Bretagnolle, F (2004) Spread possibility of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. by way of seed of sunflower. Pages 445–452in the Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on the Biology of Weeds. Dijon, France: National Association of Plant ProtectionGoogle Scholar
Clay, D, Reitsma, K, Clay, S (2009) Best Management Practices for Corn Production in South Dakota. Brookings: SDSU Extentension Circular 490. P 95–96 p. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_circ/490. Accessed: March 1, 2019Google Scholar
Cox, DR (1958) The regression analysis of binary sequences. J R Stat Soc B 20:215–232Google Scholar
Davis, AS (2008) Weed seed pools concurrent with corn and soybean harvest in Illinois. Weed Sci 56:503–508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowsett-Lemaire, F (1988) Fruit choice and seed dissemination by birds and mammals in the evergreen forests of upland Malawi. Rev Ecol (Terre et Vie) 43:251–285Google Scholar
Duary, B (2014) Weed prevention for quality seed production of crops. SATSA Annual Technical Issue 18:48–57Google Scholar
Duke, JA (1983) Handbook of Energy Crops Guizotia abyssinica (L.f) Cass. Purdue University Online. https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Guizotia_abyssinica.html. Accessed: March 1, 2019Google Scholar
Farmer, JA, Webb, EB, Pierce, RA, Bradley, KW (2017) Evaluating the potential for weed seed dispersal based on waterfowl consumption and seed viability. Pest Manag Sci 73:2592–2603CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, G, Boschung, H, Schulz-Schroeder, G, Russ, G, Ujčič-Vrhovnik, I, Jakovac-Strajn, B, Angetter, D, John, I, Jørgensen, JS (2011) Ragweed (Ambrosia sp.) seeds in bird feed. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 15:39–44Google Scholar
Hanson, C, Mason, J (1985) Bird seed aliens in Britain. Watsonia 15:237–252Google Scholar
Heap, I (2019) The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. weedscience.org. Accessed: March 27, 2019Google Scholar
Henke, SE, Gallardo, VC, Martinez, B, Bailey, R (2001) Survey of aflatoxin concentrations in wild bird seed purchased in Texas. J Wildl Dis 37:831–835CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoseney, RC (1994) Principles of Cereal Science and Technology. St Paul, MN: American Association of Cereal Chemists. P 170Google Scholar
Kurokawa, S (2001) Invasion of Exotic Weed Seeds into Japan, Mixed in Imported Feed Grains. Extension Bulletin—Food & Fertilizer Technology Center. http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=type&id=20110803173021. Accessed: February 15, 2019Google Scholar
Legleiter, TR, Johnson, B (2013) Palmer Amaranth Biology, Identification, and Management. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Extension. https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/WS/WS-51-W.pdf. Accessed: February 15, 2019Google Scholar
Lhotska, M, Holub, M (1989) Influence of the digestive tract of cattle on the germination of seeds of selected plant species. Biológia (Bratislava) 44:433–439Google Scholar
Powers, KD, Noble, RE, Chabreck, RH (1978) Seed distribution by waterfowl in southwestern Louisiana. J Wildl Manag 42:598–605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[QAM] Queensland Agricultural Merchants (1998) Bird Seeds Purchasing and Export Market Standards. https://www.graintrade.org.au/sites/default/files/ file/Commodity%20Standards/2015_2016/Section%2006%20-%20Bird%20Seed%20Standards%20201516.pdf. Accessed: March 27, 2019Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, FE (1946) An approximate distribution of estimates of variance components. Biometrics Bull 2:110–114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimono, Y, Konuma, A (2008) Effects of human-mediated processes on weed species composition in internationally traded grain commodities. Weed Res 48:10–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, K, Brummer, T, Taper, ML, Wing, A, Rew, LJ (2012) Human-mediated long-distance dispersal: an empirical evaluation of seed dispersal by vehicles. Divers Distrib 18:942–951CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[USDA] U.S. Department of Agriculture (1940) Federal Seed Act Agricultural Marketing Service. 1 p. https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Federal%20Seed%20Act.pdf. Accessed: February 15, 2019Google Scholar
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau (2016) National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. https://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/subpages/nationalsurvey/nat_survey2016.pdf. Accessed: February 15, 2019Google Scholar
VanWychen, L (2016) 2015 Baseline Survey of the Most Common and Troublesome Weeds in the United States and Canada. Weed Science Society of America. http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/2015-Weed-Survey_Baseline.xlsx. Accessed: February 12, 2019Google Scholar
Vitalos, M, Karrer, G (2008) Distribution of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.—is birdseed a relevant vector. J Plant Dis Prot 21:345–348Google Scholar
Watts, N, Watts, G (1979) Norwich Bird Seed Mixtures and the Casual Plants of Harford Tip. Transaction of Norfolk Norwich Naturalists Soc. 25:300–309Google Scholar
Webster, TM, Nichols, RL (2012) Changes in the prevalence of weed species in the major agronomic crops of the Southern United States: 1994/1995 to 2008/2009. Weed Sci 60:145–157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[WBFI] Wild Bird Feeding Industry (2004) Wild Bird Feeding Industry Standards. http://www.ectownusa.net/wbfi/docs/2018_Standards_Slides_for_June.pdf. Accessed: March 27, 2019Google Scholar
Wilson, CE, Castro, KL, Thurston, GB, Sissons, A (2016) Pathway risk analysis of weed seeds in imported grain: a Canadian perspective. NeoBiota 30:49–74Google Scholar
Wilson, R (1980) Dissemination of weed seeds by surface irrigation water in Western Nebraska. Weed Sci 28:87–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar