Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T17:10:47.791Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Archaeology and Pre‐Islamic Art

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

B.A. Litvinsky*
Affiliation:
Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow

Extract

Encyclopaedia Iranica is a Unique Work. Prof. Ehsan Yarshater and his colleagues have performed a colossal task in preparing and publishing volumes I-VIII. Archaeology, numismatics, pre-Islamic architecture, and art have all been dealt with comprehensively. I have divided the articles into the following groups: 1) Archaeology, architecture, and art; 2) archaeological periods; 3) material culture, architecture and art, and groups of artifacts; 4) monuments; and 5) varia. These articles were written by prominent specialists, many of whom participated personally in the excavations of the relevant monuments or examined them on site.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Young, R.The Southern Wall of Balkh-Bactra,American Journal of Archaeology 59 (1955): 267-76CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2. Amiet, P.Bactrian protohistorique,Syria 54 (1977): 153-191CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, Antiquités de Bactriane,La revue du Louvre et des musées de France 283 (1973): 153-63.Google Scholar

3. D. A. Faccenna “New Fragment of Wall-Painting from Ghāga Šahr Kūhi Ḫvāa-Sistan, Iran,” East-West, N. S. 31/1-4 (Rome 1981).Google Scholar

4. These include Kawami, T. S. Monumental Art of the Parthian Period in Iran, (Leiden, 1987)Google Scholar; Mathiessen, H. E. Sculpture in the Parthian Empire (Aarhus, 1992)Google Scholar; P. Bernard, “Les rhytons de Nisa: I. Potesses grecques,” Journal des savants (1985); idem, Les rhytous de Nisa: a quoi, a qui ont-ils servi?Histoire et cultes de l’Asie Centrale preislamique. Sources écrites et documents preislamiques (Paris, 1991)Google Scholar; Invernizzi, A.Die hellenistischen Grundlagen der frühparthischen Kunst,” Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, N.S. 27 (1996)Google Scholar; Pilipko, V.N.Excavation of Staraia Nisa,Bulletin of the Asia Institute, N.S. 8 (1996).Google Scholar

5. See Sarianidi, V. I. Drevnie zemledel'tsy Afganistana [Ancient Farmers of Afghanistan] (Moscow, 1977), 87-100.Google Scholar

6. See Litvinsky, B. A. Outline of History of Buddhism in Central Asia (Moscow, 1968), 25-26Google Scholar; Litvinsky, B. A.The Hepthalite Empire,” in History of the Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. III., ed. Litvinsky, B. A. (Paris, 1996), 147.Google Scholar

7. See Litvinsky, B. A.Tajikistan i India (primery drevnikh svyazei i kontaktov)” (Tajikistan and India. Examples of ancient links and contacts), India v drevnosti, (Moscow, 1964), 146-51.Google Scholar

8. On Swat. The Dards and connected problems,East and West, N.S. 27: 1-4 (1977): 3-103.Google Scholar

9. Note sur la mort de Cyrus et les Dardes,Orientalia Iosephi Tucci memoriae dicata, Serie Orientale Roma, 56, 1, (1985): 395-400.Google Scholar

10. See Jettmar, K. et al., eds., Antiquities of Northern Pakistan Reports and Studies, vols. 1-2 (Mainz, 1989, 1993)Google Scholar; vol. 3, G. Fussman and K. Jettmar, eds. (Mainz, 1994) (with detailed bibliography).

11. Problems of the Ethnic History of Central Asia in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E. Central Asian aspects of the Aryan problem,Ethnic Problems of Central Asia in the Early Period (second millennium B.C.E.) (Moscow, 1981), 154-69.Google Scholar

12. See Negahban, E. A. A Preliminary Report on Marlik Excavation: Gohar Rud Expedition Rudbar: 1961-1962 (Tehran, 1964), 53, fig. 104.Google Scholar

13. Dyson, R. H.The Death of a city,Expedition 2, no. 3, (1960), 10.Google Scholar

14. Ghirshman, R. Perse. Proto-Iraniens. Mèdes. Achéménides (Paris, 1963), 19.Google Scholar

15. Perrot, A. Assur. II. Auflage. (München, 1972)Google Scholar, Taf. 177; Ghirshman, R. Tombe princière de Zivié et la début de l'art scythe (Paris, 1979), 39, pl. 119, III, 13.Google Scholar

16. See H. Schoppa, Die Darstellung der Perser in der griechischen Kunst bis zum Beginn das Hellenismus (1933), passim; Bovon, A.Presentation des guerriers perses et la notion de barbare dans la I-ere moitie du VI-eme siècle,BGH LXXXVH (1963)Google Scholar, passim; Hölscher, I.Griechische Historienbilder des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.Beiträge zur Archäologie 6Google Scholar, passim; Gorelik, M. V.Zashchitnoe vooruzhenie persov i medyan achemenidskogo vremeni” (Armour of Persians and Medians in Achaemenid times), Vestnik drevnei istorii no. 3 (1982).Google Scholar

17. Stronach, D. Pasargadae: A Report on the Excavations Conducted by the British Institute of Persian Studies from 1961 to 1963 (Oxford, 1978), 181Google Scholar; 222; fig. 28; 223; Muscarella, op. cit., 1988, 212, fig. 322.

18. Moorey, P. R. S. Cemeteries of the First Millenium B.C.E. at Deve Hüyük, near Carchemish, salvaged by T. E. Lawrence and C. L. Wooley in 1913 (Oxford, 1980), 52-53.Google Scholar

19. Young, R. S.The Campaign of 1955 at Gordion. Preliminary Reports,American Journal of Archaeology, 60/3 (1956): 257, pl. 86/22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20. Petrie, W. M. The Palace of Apries (Memphes, II) (London, 1909), 11, 13, pl. XVIGoogle Scholar; idem Tools and Weapons (London, 1917), 38-39, pi. XLII/109-114, 115-118.Google Scholar

21. Gjerstad, E. et al., Findings and Results of excavations in Cyprus (1927-1931), The Swedish Cyprus expedition, vol II (Stockholm, 1935).Google Scholar

22. Gardner, P. The Coins of the Kings of Bactria and India (London, 1866), pl. IX/4Google Scholar; Whitehead, R. B. Catalogue of Coins in the Punjab Museum, Lahore vol. 1: Indo-Greek coins (Oxford, 1914), pl. IV, 229).Google Scholar

23. Pugachenkova, G.O panzyrnom vooruzhenii parfyanskogo i baktriiskogo voinstva” (About the armor of the Parthian and Bactrian Host), Vestnik drevnei istorii, no. 2 (1966).Google Scholar

24. Laufer, B. Jade: A study in Chinese archaeology and religion (Chicago, 1912), 286-93Google Scholar; Vostochnyi Turkestan v drevnosti i rannem srednevekov'e: Khoziaistvoi material'naia kul'tura. Pod redaktsii B. A. Litvinskogo. (East Turkestan in antiquity and early medieval times. Economy and material culture. Ed. by B. A. Litvinsky), (Moskva, 1995), 232.

25. See Schafer, E. H. The Golden Peaches of Samarkand. A study of T'ang Exotics (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963), 227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

26. Litvinsky, B. A. Ukrasheniya iz mogil'nikov zapadnoi Fergany (Jewelry from burial courtyards in the west Ferghana Valley) (Moscow, 1973), 102-3Google Scholar; Levina, L. M. Etnokul'turnaya istoriya Vostočnogo Priaral'ya (The Ethnocultural History of the eastern part of the territories adjacent to the Aral Sea) (Moscow, 1996), 238-39.Google Scholar

27. See Wartke, R. B. Toprakkale: Untersuchungen zu den Metallobjekten im Vorderasiatischen Museum zu Berlin, Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients, 22 (Berlin, 1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28. See B. A. Litvinsky, Drevnie kochevniki “Kryshi Mira” (Ancient nomads of the “Roof of the World”), 1972; Litvinskii, B. A. Eisenzeitliche Kurgane zwischen Pamir und Aral See (München, 1984).Google Scholar

29. For example: Bonner, C.The Standard of Artaxexes II,The Classical Review, 61 (1947): 9-10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

30. Parfyanskye bronzovye monety so znakom pod lukom,Vestnik drevnei istorii, no. 4 (1980).Google Scholar

31. For example, Ya. Abramishvili, G. Katalog parfyanskikh monet Gosudarstvennogo muzeya Gruzii (Tbilisi, 1974)Google Scholar and Sallwood, D.The Drachms of the Parthian ‘Dark Age’JRAS no. 1 (1976).Google Scholar

32. Shishkina, C. V.Ancient Samarkand: capital of Soghd,Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8 (1996): 90-91.Google Scholar

33. See Toll, N. P.The Necropolis,The Excavations at Dura-Europos. Preliminary Report on the Ninth Season of Work 1935-36. ed. Rostovtzeff, M. I. et al., pt. 2 (New Haven, 1946).Google Scholar

34. See Kleiss, W.Qadjarische Lehmziegel Gebüde beim karawanserail Daihr,Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, N.S. 13 (1980): 201-6.Google Scholar

35. Davidovich, E. A.O monetahkh dikhkanov Ilaka kontsa X-nachala XI v.” (On the coins of the dehqans of Ilaq at the end of the 10th-beginning of the 11th C), Drevnost'i i srednevekov'e narodov Srednei Azii. Istoriya i kultura, ed. Gafurov, B. and Litvinsky, B. A. (Moscow, 1978), 80-100.Google Scholar

36. Mukhtarov, A. M.Nadgrobnye kairaki XIII-XVI vv s upominaniem termina ‘dihkan’ (gravestones with the term ‘dehqan’),Epigrafika Vostoka, 18 (1967): 80-93.Google Scholar

37. al-Din Wasifi, Zayn Badaᵓiᶜ al-waqāᵓi, vol. 2 (Moscow, 1961), 1215-18.Google Scholar

38. Schlumberger, D.The Excavations at Surkh Kotal and the problem of Hellenism in Bactria and India,British Academy Proceedings, 47 (1961): 90-1.Google Scholar

39. See Belenitsky, A. and Marshak, B. I.Cherty mirovozzreniya sogdiitsev VII-VIII vv. v iskusstve Pendzhikenta” [Characteristics of the worldview of the Sogdians of the 7th-8th c. in the art of Panjikent], Istoriya i Kultura narodov Srednei Azii (drevnost’ i srednevekovye), ed. Gafurov, B. G. and Litvinsky, B. A. (Moscow, 1976), 77-7Google Scholar; Azarpay, G. Sogdian Painting. The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1981), 132-40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

40. Litvinsky, B. A.Semantika drevnikh verovanii i obriadov Pamirtsev, [1]” [The Semantic of the ancient beliefs and customs of the inhabitants of the Pamir, I], Litvinsky, B. A. ed., Srednyaya Aziya i ee sosedy v drevnosti i srednevekov'e: Istoriia i kul'tura (Moscow, 1981)Google Scholar, with an extensive bibliography.

41. For example: Christensen, A. Essai sur la démonologie iranienne (Copenhagen, 1941)Google Scholar and Nöldeke, Th.Der weisse Dēv von Māzandaran,Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, 18 (1915).Google Scholar