Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T06:08:44.617Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Cylinder Seals from Tell al Rimah

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

Extract

This is a catalogue of the cylinder seals and jar sealings from the excavations at Tell al Rimah during the years 1964–1971. Theresa Carter is publishing a complete catalogue of the small finds, in which the few early stamp seals will be included. The seal impressions on the Middle Assyrian business economic archive published by H. W. F. Saggs and D. J. Wiseman in Iraq 30 (1968) will be published later in one group, as there are too many for this article.

The majority of the cylinder seals in the catalogue are representative of the main historical levels which were excavated; these are: (1) Old Babylonian from about the time of Šamši-Adad, Phase 3 in the Temple (Area A) and Level 6 in the Palace mound (Area C); (2) Mitannian, Phase 2 in the Temple, and Level 5 in the Palace mound, (house levels overlying the O.B. Palace); (3) Middle Assyrian, Phase 1 in the Temple and Levels 2–4 in the house levels of the Palace mound. There is a meagre Late Assyrian occupation on the Temple mound, on the Palace mound below, and Area D, but the only considerable structure was the shrine built on to the north side of the Ziggurat, from which most of the Late Assyrian seals came. The only seals from Area D came from a tomb of the Mitannian period.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 The inscribed Old Babylonian sealings are published by J. D. Hawkins in S. M. Dalley, J. D. Hawkins and C. B. F. Walker, Old Babylonian Texts from Tell al Rimah (forthcoming).

2 See the summary by Oates, D., Iraq 29 (1967), 71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 For the palace see Oates, D., Iraq 34 (1972), 78 ffGoogle Scholar.

4 Oates, D., Iraq 30 (1968), 122Google Scholar

5 See Iraq 29 (1967), 91Google Scholar.

6 Page, S., Iraq 30 (1968), 97Google Scholar.

7 Weitemeyer, M., Porada, E., Lampi, Paul, Some Aspects of the Hiring of Workers in the Sippar Region (Copenhagen, 1962), 110Google Scholar.

8 Hawkins, loc. cit. (note 1), no. 8.

9 Oates, D., Iraq 27 (1965), 74Google Scholar.

10 Porada, E., AASOR 24 (19441945), 12Google Scholar.

11 This information has been given by Mr. Henry Hodges of the Laboratory of the Institute of Archaeology, who examined the faience seals in the Rimah collection.

12 Porada, E., Tchoga Zanbil IV (Memoires de la Délégation archaéologique en Iran XLII, 1970), 5 ffGoogle Scholar. (hereafter abbreviated Porada, , Tchoga Zanbil IV)Google Scholar.

13 Nissen, Hans, in Heidelberger Studien (Festschrift A. Falkenstein; Wiesbaden, 1967), 111 ffGoogle Scholar.

14 Moortgat, A., ZA 47 (1942). 85Google Scholar.

15 Iraq 30 (1968), 125Google Scholar.

16 Oates, D., Iraq 30 (1968), 124Google Scholar.

17 Oates, D., Iraq 32 (1970), 1920CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Mallowan, M., Iraq 9 (1947), Plate XXI 3–4, p. 132Google Scholar.

19 Frankfort, H., OIP 72, Plate 84, 880Google Scholar.

20 See concentric circles used on Jamdat Nasr imitations at Tell Judeideh, R. Braidwood, Mounds in the Plain of Antioch (OIP 61), Figs. 254, 3; 381, 3Google Scholar.

21 Frankfort, H., OIP 72, no. 238Google Scholar.

22 Frankfort, H., OIP 44, Plate 112aGoogle Scholar.

23 In the Assyrian royal ritual, the sukkallu rabû and sukkallu šanû lay down their staffs (GIŠ.PA.MEŠ = haṭṭāti) before the king, MVAG 41/3 (1937), 15, 8–9Google Scholar, (CAD, Ḫ, 155). The staff here depicted is exactly like that held by Ur-ša6-ga, the sukkallu of Ibbi-Suen, on his seal impression (Legrain, L., Ur Excavations, X, no. 438)Google Scholar.

24 Spycket, Agnès, RA 49 (1955), 117Google Scholar.

25 Boehmer, R., Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit (Berlin, 1965), 78CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

26 Porada, E., Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections (Washington, 1948), no. 180 (hereafter abbreviated Porada, Corpus)Google Scholar.

27 The earliest evidence of Šamaš with a horse is the Maltai rock reliefs, thought to date to Sennacherib (Thureau-Dangin, F., RA 21 (1924), 185 f., pl. IV)Google Scholar.

28 R. Boehmer, ibid., Abb. 369, 372, 373.

29 Wilson, J. Kinnier, Iraq 24 (1962), 93Google Scholar, line 3. Adad's whip is also mentioned on the Saba'a stele of Adad-nirari III (Tadmor, H., Iraq 35 (1973), 144, line 5)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 R. Boehmer, ibid., Abb. 622–23; and Operficius, R., Das altbabylonische Terrakottarelief (Berlin, 1961), Abb. 348CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 R. Boehmer, ibid., Abb. 701–3a and 705.

32 Castellino, G., Orlens Antiquus 8 (1969), 9, line 27Google Scholar.

33 Ibid., line 92, if this interpretation is correct.

34 Sollberger, E., Iraq 31 (1969), 90 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 This familiar figure on O.B. seals wearing a royal cap with upturned brim and a short tunic whose fringed edge hangs down in a point in front, is still not identified with certainty. For the most part he is regarded as representing royalty in some way. A similar figure occasionally wears a divine headdress (Porada, , Corpus, 52, no. 429)Google Scholar. An alternative explanation was proposed by Landsberger (Sam'al (Ankara, 1948), 89 and n. 226) who identified the figure as Ilabrat (Nin-Šubur). One objection to this identification is that the seal dedicated to Nin-Subur quoted by Landsberger calls the deity “(who) holds the pure sceptre/ staff”, PA KÙ ŠU DU7 as appropriate to his office as divine sukkallu. It is generally agreed that the so-called mace-carrier holds a mace, which is clearly shown on the better-cut seals, but only appears as a short stick on others. A mace is a weapon, gišTUKUL, and more specifically g15 TUKUL.SAG.NA4, = hutpalu (CAD, Ḫ, 263), and does not appear as an equivalent of giš PA = haṭṭu (CAD, Ḫ, 153), which describes a variety of staffs and sticks. The Ur III form of sukkallu-staff is shown in the hands of the sukkallu of Ibbi-Suen, (see this page no. 8) and is seen as a plain staff, whose end does not stick out like that of the mace-carrier. It is very similar to the staffs in the hands of the two leading figures in the sacrificial scene on the Mari fresco (Parrot, A., MAM II 2, pls. VI and B.)Google Scholar. Borger's late Assyrian Ton-mannchen text, (Bi Or 30 (1973), 179, 35)Google Scholar prescribes the making of a figure of Nin-Subur carrying a golden staff, giš PA, while the other unnamed figures carry maces giš TUKUL.SAG.NA4. This golden staff is found in the hands of the best preserved “Papsukkal” figurines (Koldewey, R., The Excavation at Babylon (London, 1914), 227, Fig. 140Google Scholar; Ellis, R., RA 61 (1967), 53)Google Scholar with whom Nin-šubur must be identified (Borger, ibid., 183). Whatever the identity of the mace-carrier therefore, he cannot be Nin-šubur.

36 R. Boehmer, op. cit., Abb. 392.

37 van Buren, E. D., Ar Or 27 (1949), 434 ffGoogle Scholar. She is right in saying that the Ur-Nammu stele shows both the measuring line and rod and the staff and ring; she also refers to an Agade seal on which a goddess (Istar?) holds a ring, (Frankfort, H., Cylinder Seals (London, 1939), Plate XVIII, j.)Google Scholar.

38 Barrelet, M-T., in Studia Mariana (Leiden, 1950Google Scholar; ed. A. Parrot), 18; here the King grasps the sceptre and only touches the ring.

39 Sollberger, E., Iraq 36 (1974), 238CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The sceptre cannot be seen but the ring is being grasped.

40 Dangin, F. Thureau, La huitième campagne de Sargon, 59, note 9Google Scholar.

41 Thureau-Dangin, F., Rit. Ace, 144Google Scholar. See also CAD, s.v. kippatu 398, c., where it is translated loop-shaped symbol, but the ring depicted in the hands of the god on the Bavian relief must be made of metal or ivory, although for the latter material it would be rather too big. Meissner, B., Babylonien und Assyrien II (Heidelberg, 1925), Tf.-Abb. 14Google Scholar.

42 Leemans, F., Ishtar of Lagaba and Her Dress (Leiden, 1952), 11Google Scholar.

43 Meier, G., AfO 12 (19371939). 43Google Scholar.

44 CAD, K, ibid.

45 Porada, Corpus, no. 884, e.

46 Özgüç, N., The Anatolian Group of Cylinder Seal Impressions from Kültepe (Ankara, 1965), 6, Fig. 3, 50Google Scholar.

47 Ibid., Plate V, 14; Plate VI, 17.

48 Ibid., Plate XVII, 50.

49 Küpper, J-R., L'iconographie du dieu Amurru, (Brussels, 1961), 50Google Scholar.

50 Ibid., 46.

51 Ibid., 32.

52 Delaporte, L., Catalogue des cylindres orientaux dans le Musée du Louvre I (Paris, 1923), pl. 53, fig. 2Google Scholar.

53 Oates, D., Iraq 32 (1970), 5, Plate ICrossRefGoogle Scholar; J. D. Hawkins, loc. cit. (note 1), no. 11.

54 E.g. V R, 352; and L. Delaporte, op. cit., II, A. 304.

55 I am indebted to Olga Tufnell for this information.

56 H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, Plate XXVIII, m; XXIX, m.

57 Böse, J., AfO 22 (1965), 30 ffGoogle Scholar.

58 Dossin, G., RA 35 (1938), 3, iii 19Google Scholar.

59 van Dijk, J., Bi Or 11 (1954), 87Google Scholar.

60 J. D. Hawkins, loc. cit. (note 1), no. 4.

61 Moortgat, A., Vorderasiatische Rollsiegel, (Berlin, 1939), no. 500Google Scholar; also 291 and 285.

62 J. D. Hawkins, loc. cit., no. 5.

63 H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, Plate XXIX, i, BN. 445.

64 H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, Plate XXVII, g; Plate XXIX, e, m; Porada, , Corpus, 440 EGoogle Scholar.

65 An Ur workshop text, UET III, no. 1612, is a receipt for ha-um cloth for the front of the throne and 4 royal ha-um cloths for the whole of the throne; probably shaggy cloth, ibid., 365.

66 Porada, E., AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate XXVIII, no. 554, p. 39Google Scholar.

67 H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, Plate XL m (BM 89518) and n (De Clercq, 284).

68 Özgüç, N., The Anatolian Group of Cylinder Seal Impressions from Kültepe, 67Google Scholar. The unattached human head is not used at Kültepe, except in the hand of god; Özgüç, N., Kültepe Kazısı (Ankara, 1949), no. 696Google Scholar.

69 In all other examples the kneeling manikin touches the tree; see AASOR 24 (19441945), Plates XIV–XVGoogle Scholar.

70 Ibid., 101; and Özgüç, N., Anatolian Group of Cylinder Seal Impressions from Kültepe, 66Google Scholar.

71 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plates XXVIII–IX, 567 and 587Google Scholar.

72 Ibid., Plate X, 163, 164.

73 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate XXIII, 459Google Scholar.

74 Ibid., Plate XXXII, 637.

75 Ibid., Plate V, 71.

76 Oates, D., Iraq 29 (1967), 86CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Plate XXXVII.

77 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate II, 27Google Scholar.

78 Ibid., Plate V, 79.

79 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate XIII, 220 and 221, p. 23Google Scholar.

80 Ibid., Plate XLII; Porada, Corpus, no. 1061.

81 Iraq 11 (1949), 25, and Plate XVI no. 107Google Scholar.

82 AASOR 24 (19441945), 82Google Scholar.

83 AASOR 24 (19441945), 3940, Plate XXVIII, nos. 560–566Google Scholar.

84 Ibid., nos. 17–19 and 560–566.

85 Ibid., no. 566.

86 Ibid., no. 710.

87 Porada, , Tchoga Zanbil IV, 36, nos. 27 and 37Google Scholar.

88 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate XXI, no. 414, and pp. 30 and 112Google Scholar.

89 Oates, D., Iraq 29 (1967), 93, Plate XLIICrossRefGoogle Scholar.

90 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate XIV, no. 243, and p. 23Google Scholar.

91 Ibid., 113.

92 Parker, B., Iraq 17 (1955), Plate XX, ND 891CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

93 Pfeiffer, R. H., AASOR 16 (19351936), 98Google Scholar; and Deller, K., XXIIme Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Rome, 1974)Google Scholar.

94 Oates, D., Iraq 30 (1968), 134Google Scholar.

95 CAD, 1/J, 103.

96 Porada, Corpus, Plates 160–161; B. Buchanan, Catalogue of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in the Ashmolean Museum, Plate 57, no. 918.

97 Porada, Corpus, no. 1061.

98 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plates II–IIIGoogle Scholar.

99 Porada, , Tchoga Zanbil IV, 6 ff., groups I and IIGoogle Scholar.

100 Oates, D., Iraq 29 (1967), 93CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

101 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate XLIIGoogle Scholar.

102 Porada, Corpus, no. 1062.

103 Porada, Tchoga Zanbil, Plate XII; Amiet, P., La glyptique Susienne (Paris, 1972), pl. 183Google Scholar.

104 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate XIX, 116Google Scholar.

105 Ibid., 104.

106 AASOR 24 (19441945), Plate XI, no. 186Google Scholar.

107 Moortgat, A., ZA 47 (1942). 59Google Scholar.

108 A. Moortgat, ibid., 75; W. Andrae Die jüngeren hchtar-Tempel in Assur, Tf. 46 a–c.

109 Moortgat, A., ZA 47 (1942), 71Google Scholar, Abb. 38, and 18 (De Clercq 311).

110 Negahban, E., Marlik (Tehran, 1964), Fig. 109Google Scholar.

111 Moortgat, A., ZA 47 (1942), 70Google Scholar.

112 Porada, Corpus, no. 595.

113 A. Moortgat, Vorderasiatische Rollsiegel, Plate 78, nos. 654–658.

114 Porada, Corpus, Plate 664.

115 A. Moortgat, ibid., 70.

116 Porada, , Tchoga Zanbil IV, 131Google Scholar.

117 H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, Plate XXXIII.

118 Moorey, P. R. S., Catalogue of Ancient Bronzes in the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford, 1971), 271–2Google Scholar; Calmeyer, P., BJV 5 (1965), 1 ff.Google Scholar; Porada, , Tchoga Zanbil IV, 131Google Scholar.

119 Wiseman, D. J., Cylinder Seals of Western Asia 81Google Scholar.

120 Andrae, W., Die jüngeren Ischtar-Tempel in Assur, Tf. 36 aa–ab, p. 90Google Scholar.

121 Leemans, W. F., Ishtar of Lagaba and Her Dress, 4Google Scholar.

122 Ebeling, E., TuL, 49Google Scholar.

123 Postgate, J. N., The Governor's Palace Archive, 10Google Scholar.

124 Porada, Corpus, no. 688 E.