Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T21:19:33.475Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

LOBBYING, SCAMBIO E DEFINIZIONE DEGLI INTERESSI. RIFLESSIONI SUL CASO AMERICANO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Introduzione

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

L'uso del concetto di scambio come categoria entro la quale sussumere l'attività di lobbying evidenzia un paradosso familiare agli studiosi della politica americana. Da un lato, nelle sue caratteristiche dominanti la politica americana è per larga parte null'altro che scambio. Il ben noto aforisma di Tip O'Neill (1987), per molti anni Speaker della Camera dei Rappresentanti (1977-1986), secondo il quale «tutta la politica è locale», sottende una nozione nella quale l'ideologia è praticamente assente e gli interessi particolaristici del tutto dominanti. D'altro canto, non conosco formula che offenderebbe di più operatori e attori del sistema, che la riterrebbero un grossolano travisamento della natura e significato del gioco. Nella misura in cui lobbying è scambio, sarebbero più portati a definirlo come «scambio di informazioni e idee fra Governo e parti private» (CRS Report 1991, 1), capace di infondere nelle politiche pubbliche expertise e consapevole realismo.

Summary

Summary

The first part of the essay investigates the extent to which lobbying fits the general idea of social exchange. It is suggested that although there are a number of differences, behaviorally both phenomena have much in common, making theories of exchange a useful tool in the study of lobbying. One important trait exchange and lobbying share is the notion of self-interest as a motivation for action. The question is discussed in the second part. It shows that the political interests of the actors come to be defined through complex processes in which group staff play a key role. Also, the role of government and government action in the genesis of groups is analysed using the case of some associations as an illustration. More descriptive in nature, the third part of the essay turns to the actors, strategies and resources involved in lobbying, in an effort to delineate both the various players and the content of the exchange.

Type
SAGGI
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

References

Riferimenti bibliografici

Baldwin, D.A. (1990), Political Exchange and Cooperation, in B. Marin (1990).Google Scholar
Blau, P.M. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, New York, Wiley.Google Scholar
Bloland, H.G. (1985), Associations in Action. The Washington, D.C., Higher Education Community, Washington, D.C., Association for the Study of Higher Education.Google Scholar
CRS Report (1991), Legal and Congressional Ethics Standards of Relevance to those Who Lobby Congress, Washington, D.C., Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress.Google Scholar
Friedberg, E. (1990), Generalized Political Exchange, Organizational Analysis, and Public Policy, in B. Marin (1990).Google Scholar
Graziano, L. (1991), Partiti e lobbies: riflessioni sul caso americano, in Vaudagna, M. (a cura di), Il partito politico americano e l'Europa, Milano, Feltrinelli.Google Scholar
Graziano, L. (1993), Pluralism in Comparative Perspective, ‘Politiikka’ (Helsinki), vol. II, pp. 108115.Google Scholar
Marin, B. (a cura di) (1990), Generalized Political Exchange. Antagonistic Cooperation and Integrated Policy Circuits, Francoforte sul Meno, Campus Verlag e Boulder, Westview Press.Google Scholar
Olson, M. (1968), The Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, New York, Schocken Books; trad. it. La logica dell'azione collettiva, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1983.Google Scholar
O'Neill, Tip (1987), Man of the House. The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill (con W. Novak), New York, Random House.Google Scholar
Pizzorno, A. (1979), Political Exchange and Collective Identity in Industrial Conflict, in Crouch, C.J. e Pizzorno, A. (a cura di), The Resurgence of Class Conflict in Western Europe since 1968, vol. II, Londra, Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rapporto, Bok (1976), Draft Report on the Future of AAU, Association of American Universities, ciclostilato.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R.H. (1990), Interest Advocacy and Interest Representation, relazione presentata al Convegno su ‘Pluralismo e democrazia’, Cortona, 29-31 maggio.Google Scholar
Sorauf, F. (1993), Inside Campaign Finance. Myths and realities, New Haven, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Washington Representatives’ (1992), Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Zorack, J.L. (1990), The Lobbying Handbook, Washington, D.C., The Professional Lobbying and Consulting Center.Google Scholar