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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 April 2010
In most studies of land policy in Asian nations, there is general recognition that agriculture is troubled by problems of landownership, particularly in the landlord-tenant relationship. Many observers point out that these are the principal issues confronting agriculture and the peasantry in most Asian countries. Looking at India and Indonesia, there are a number of problems with differing characteristics in the both areas, such as reform in land tenure and rural social structure, production increase and improvement in marketing distribution, and the credit system.
1 See Baden-Powell, B. H., The Land-Systems of British India II (Delhi 1974) 98–267.Google Scholar See also Palit, Chittabrata, Tensions in Bengal Rural Society. Landlords, Planters and Colonial Rule 1830-1860 (Calcutta 1975) 6–8Google Scholar.
2 Bastin, John, Raffles' Ideas on the Land Rent System in Java and the Mackenzie Land Tenure Commission. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde XIV ('s-Gravenhage 1954) 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
3 Ibidem.
4 Baden-Powell, , Land-Systems of British India II, 98–267Google Scholar.
5 Banerjea, Pramathanath, A Study of Indian Economics (London 1911) 191Google Scholar.
6 Ibidem.
7 Ibidem. See also Baden-Powell, Land-Systems of British India II.
8 Banerjea, Pramathanath, Study of Indian Economics, 195. Patni, or dar-patni means ‘perpetual immediate undertenure of zamindary. A holder of such undertenure’Google Scholar.
9 Palit, Chittabrata, Tensions in Bengal Rural Society, 6–8Google Scholar.
10 Ibidem.
11 Mellor, John W. et al., Developing Rural India, Plan and Practice (Ithaca 1968) 50Google Scholar.
12 Ibidem.
13 Ibidem, 51.
14 Ibidem, 49.
15 Palit, Chittabrata, Tensions in Bengal Rural Society, 20Google Scholar.
16 Ibidem.
17 Ibidem, 21.
18 Ibidem, 123.
19 Ibidem, 140-141.
20 , Mellor et al., Developing Rural India, 55Google Scholar.
21 See Bastin, Raffles' Ideas on the Land Rent System in Java.
22 Wertheim, W. F., Indonesian Society in Transition (The Hague/Bandung 1956) 91–92Google Scholar.
23 Ibidem, 92-93.
24 See Eindresumé van het bij Goevemements Besluit dd. WJuli 1867 No. 2 bevolen ondenoek naar de rechten van den inlander op den grond op Java en Madoera, zamengesteld door den Chef der Afdeeling Statistiek ter Algemeene Secretarie I (3 vols.; Batavia 1876–1896). See alsoGoogle ScholarKanö, Hiroyoshi, Land Tenure System and the Desa Community in Nineteenth-Century Java (Tokyo 1977) 11Google Scholar.
25 Kanö, Hiroyoshi, Land Tenure System, 11Google Scholar.
26 Some of the m which can be mentioned here are: kuli kenceng (Kediri, Madiun), sikep (Peka-longan), wong tani (Semarang), kuli, kerih (Banyumas), gogol (Surabaya, Pasuruan), etc. See Eindresumë I, 60-61, 193-198.
27 Kanö, Hiroyoshi, Land Tenure System, 20Google Scholar.
28 See Kartodirdjo, Sartono, Modern Indonesia, Tradition and Transformation, A Socio-Historical Perspective (Yogyakarta 1984) 81Google Scholar.
29 Ranneft, J. W. Meyer, Laporan-Laporan Desa (Desa Reports) (Jakarta 1974) 49–60Google Scholar.
30 Ibidem.
31 See Memorie Serah Jabatan 1921-1930(Jawa Tengah) (Jakarta 1977)Google Scholar.
32 Wertheim, , Indonesian Society in Transition, 102–103Google Scholar.