¹ Natal Witness, 14.12.07.Google Scholar

² Colenso Collection (hereafter Col. Col.) Box 202. W. P. Schreiner to H. E. Colenso (H.E.C.).Google Scholar

³ Shepperson, G. and Price, T., Independent African (Edinburgh, 1958), 76.Google Scholar

⁴ Colenso, F. E. and Durnford, E., The History of the Zulu War and its Origin (London, 1881), and the 2-volume The Ruin of Zululand, an account of British doings in Zululand since the invasion of 1879 (London, 1884).Google Scholar

⁵ This information is drawn from various sources, chiefly Frank Colenso's own pamphlets, his papers and newspaper cuttings at ‘Elangeni’, Amersham (kindly shown to me by his son-in-law, Mr A. Crovo) as well as his letters to the Colonial Office and the Aborigines' Protection Society.Google Scholar

⁶ Colenso, F. S. (the Bishop's wife) to Mrs Lyell, June 1883, cited in Letters from Natal, the correspondence of F. S. Colenso arranged and edited by Wyn Rees (Pietermaritzburg, 1958), 374.Google Scholar

⁷ Ibid. 320. F. S. Colenso to Mrs Lyell, 14.9.75.

⁸ Ibid. F. S. Colenso to her sons, 16.2.75.

⁹ Bishop Colenso appealed against his excommunication to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which upheld him ‘on the ground that Colonial Churches…were simply voluntary associations in which no-cne…had power to enforce obedience on another’, so he continued in his position as Bishop of Natal supported by a large section of the Natal public and Press.Google Scholar (Walker, Eric A., A History of Southern Africa (London, 1957), 301.)Google Scholar

¹⁰ Letters from Natal, 380–1, F. S. Colenso to Mrs Lyell, 19.5.84.Google Scholar

¹¹ Natal Witness, 7.1.11; also letters from C. de B. Persse to Travers Buxton, Secretary of A.P.S., 1910–11, in MSS. Brit. Emp. S22 G189, Rhodes House.Google Scholar

¹² Col. Col. 121. Diary H.E.C., 4.3.10.Google Scholar

¹³ F. R. Moor: later Sir Moor, P.M. Frederick, and Minister for Native Affairs, Dec. 1906–May 1910. M.N.A. previously, 1893–7 and 1899–1903.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Natal Witness, 18.9.10.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Cited by ‘Laymar:’—i.e. C. de B. Persse, an ardent supporter of H.E.C.—in a letter to the Natal Witness, 18.9.10.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Col. Col. 142, v, H.E.C. to A. M. Colenso, 9.4.06.Google Scholar

¹⁷ C.O. 179/244/12033; Governor to Secretary of State, 14.3.08.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Natal Native Affairs Commission, 1906–7, Evidence, 116. ‘Inkosazana Unkombolwana’—a confusion probably arising out of the fact that H.E.C. was called the ‘Inkosazana’, a term of respect for a woman in authority. When the rumours spread, the ‘Unkombolwana’ tended to drop off.Google Scholar

¹⁹ South African Native Affairs Commission, 1903–5, iii. Evidence H.E.C., 401–19.Google Scholar

²⁰ Col. Col. 138, 1, Correspondence. H.E.C. to Baynes, Joseph, M.L.A. (Natal, March 1907).Google Scholar

²¹ Letter to the Natal Mercury from Sir Theophilus Shepstone, 29.1.92.Google Scholar

²² Cited , H.E.C. in The Present Position among the Zulus with some suggestions for the future (London, 1893), 14.Google Scholar

²³ Letter to the Natal Mercury from Sir Theophilus Shepstone, 29.1.92.Google Scholar

²⁴ , H.E.C., ‘The Problems of the Races in Africa’, in the Asiatic Quarterly Review (07, 1897), 11.Google Scholar

²⁵ See for example Bourne, H.E.C. Fox and Bourne, H. R. Fox, The Story of Dinizulu (London, 1890), andGoogle ScholarColenso, F. E., Miss Colenso as an aid to justice in Zululand (London, 1908).Google Scholar

²⁶ ‘Message to the Zulu Chiefs ‘—a copy of this was seen enclosed in a letter from H.E.C. to Mr Chesser, Secretary of A.P.S., 1.7.88. MSS. Brit. Emp. Soc. S.18 at Rhodes House.Google Scholar

²⁷ On hearing of Dinizulu's imminent arrest, Harriette immediately set off for Zulu-land in an attempt to see him, but was promptly turned back under Martial Law by Col. Duncan McKenzie, in charge of the Natal troops despatched to secure his arrest. She was no doubt behind the cable sent by Frank Colenso to Dinizulu advising him to submit peacefully. See C.O. 179/243/43116, F. E. Colenso to Sir F. Hopwood 7.12.07 with enclosures.Google Scholar

²⁸ Walker, E. A., W. P. Schreiner, A South African (O.U.P., 1937), 296–7.Google Scholar

²⁹ The views of Sir Marshall Clarke, the Governor of Natal, the Colonial Office, and the Natal Ministry on Dinizulu's return are to be found in the Confidential Papers of the Prime Minister, Natal Archives, P.M.C. 101/112.Google Scholar

³⁰ Zulu Affairs: the correspondence between H.E.C. and J. Robinson (London, 1897).Google Scholar

³¹ C.O. 179/236/34252. Governor to Secretary of State, 28.8.06.Google Scholar

³² Exact references are too numerous to cite, but see C.O. 179/242–9 and Cd. 3888, Cd. 3998, Further Correspondence relating to Native Affairs in Natal.Google Scholar

³³ The Star, 1.6.10.Google Scholar

³⁴ This is not to deny that ‘Ethiopianism’ in the sense of an anti-white movement existed and posed a threat of sorts to the status quo, but the threat was vastly exaggerated and used to justify acts and legislation of an altogether unwarranted nature against missionaries and their converts by the Natal Government, which tended to see in every European dressed and educated African an ‘Ethiopian’ and in most missionaries a foreign agitator.Google Scholar

³⁵ Col. Col. 126, IV, H.E.C. to Mr Kilbon (Missionary of the American Zulu Mission), 28.7.02.Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid. H.E.C. to P. J. Mzimba, 1.5.00.

³⁷ Martin Luruli: uncle of the more famous ex-Chief Albert Lutuli, Martin Lutuli's career in many ways foreshadows that of his nephew. Secretary to Dinizulu in the 1880's, he later became a leading member of the American Zulu Mission at Groutville, where he was elected chief of the Reserve in 1908. One of the founding members of the Natal Native Congress, and its chairman for some years, he took a keen interest in such issues as African education and agriculture, land tenure, and the position of exempted Africans in Natal, appearing on several delegations to the Natal Government on these matters. He died in 1921.Google Scholar

³⁸ Saul Msane: born in Natal, he was educated at Edendale Mission Station and later at the Healdtown Institution in the Eastern Cape, both Wesleyan institutions. In the early 1890's he became a compound manager on the Transvaal mines, a position he retained for several years. Editor of Abantu-Batho, which appeared in the four main African tongues of South Africa, he also played an important role in the African politics of his day, and became Vice-President of the S.A.N.N.C. in 1912, appearing on all the major deputations to the Government at that time.Google Scholar

³⁹ Col. Col. 120. H.E.C. Diary, 21.12.00.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ ‘The Eye of the Black Tribe’.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Secretary for Native Affairs, Natal Archives: S.N.A. 1/4/20 C 92/08, Preamble and Constitution of the Iliso.Google Scholar

⁴² Ibid. Report of a meeting held at Ladysmith, 23.7.08.

⁴³ Plaatje, S. T.: born c. 1877 in O.F.S. Educated in a mission school near Kimberley; founder and editor of the Koranta ea Becoena (‘Bechuana Gazette’) in Serelong and English; author of several books, including translations of Shakespeare into Serelong. First secretary of the S.A.N.N.C. and member of several of its deputations overseas.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ DrSeme, Pixley Ka Isaka: an outstanding African lawyer, educated at Columbia University, Oxford, and the Inner Temple; chief founder of the S.A.N.N.C. in 1952.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ DrDube, John Langalibale: son of Rev. James Dube, pastor of the American Zulu Mission station at Inanda. Educated at Amanzimtoti Institute, Natal, and Oberlin University, U.S.A. Greatly influenced by Booker Washington, he returned to Natal in 1899, to open his own ‘Zulu Christian Industrial School’ at Ohlange in 1901. In 1903 he founded the Zulu-English Ilanga lase Natal (‘The Sun of Natal’), which is still in existence. First President of the S.A.N.N.C. until 1917 when he resigned, he retained his leadership of the Natal branch of Congress until his stroke in 1945. Regarded by the Natal Government with great suspicion at first, as a dangerous ‘Ethiopian’ trained in America, he was later accepted even by whites as the ‘Elder Statesman’ of African politics.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Col. Col. 138, 1. H.E.C. to John Dube, 30.8.53.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ See for example Feit, Edward: South Africa, The Dynamics of the African National Congress (O.U.P., 1962).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ A term recently used in a television programme to describe women like Helen Joseph, Helen Suzman and the members of the Black Sash in present-day South Africa.Google Scholar