Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T10:40:51.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Entry-Growth-Exit Processes in Agriculture*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2015

Michael Boehlje*
Affiliation:
Oklahoma State University

Extract

The recent emphasis in farm management research has centered on issues of financial management and firm growth. Consequently, a number of studies have identified and evaluated alternative production, financial and marketing strategies that result in growth or expansion of the farm firm. These studies have explicitly or implicitly assumed that the firm is a viable economic unit and the ownership structure will not change during the growth process. Thus, the life cycle of the firm has been severed from the typical life cycle of the enterpreneur, and the financial, economic and human problems of entry and exit of farm entrepreneurs into and out of the agricultural production sector have not been confronted. The following discussion will briefly review the characteristics of the life cycle of the family firm and indicate why entry-exit problems are particularly acute in the agricultural production sector. Then, specific micro and macro issues that merit empirical investigation, including the firm and industry implications of coordination (or the lack thereof) of the entry and exit processes, will be identified and discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Southern Agricultural Economics Association 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Oklahoma State Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article No. 2633.

References

[1]Allwood, J., “A Linear Programming Model for Minimizing the Costs of Intergeneration Transfer of Property,” unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Missouri, 1969.Google Scholar
[2]Armstrong, David L., “Can Family Farms Compete-An Economic Analysis.” in Corporation Farming: What Are the Issues? Proceedings of North Central Workshop, Chicago, April, 1969, Dept. of Agr. Econ. Rep. 53, University of Nebraska, 1969.Google Scholar
[3]Baker, C. B. and Tweeten, L. G., “Financial Requirements for the Farm Firm,” Structural Changes in Commercial Agriculture, CAED Report No. 24, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1965.Google Scholar
[4]Barr, Alfred L. and Plaxico, James, “Optimum Cattle Systems and Range Improvement Practices for Northeastern Oklahoma: Dynamic and Static Analysis,” Oklahoma Agrie. Exp. Sta. Misc. Bul. 62, July, 1961.Google Scholar
[5]Baumol, W.J., Economic Theory and Operations Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Princeton, N. Y., 1965.Google Scholar
[6]Beckter, Don M., “The Retirement Decision: Social Pressures and Economic Trends,” Monthly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Nov. 1972, pp. 1423.Google Scholar
[7]Bittker, Boris I., Federal Income Estate and Gift Taxation, 3rd edition, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1964.Google Scholar
[8]Boehlje, M. D., “Strategies for the Creation and Transfer of the Farm Firm Estate.” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, Jan. 1971.Google Scholar
[9]Boehlje, M. D., and Eisgruber, L. M., “A Decision Model for the Estate Management Problem,” Oklahoma State Agri. Exp. Sta. Journal Paper No. 2402, Stillwater, Okla., Nov. 1971.Google Scholar
[10]Boehlje, M. D., and Eisgruber, Ludwig M., “Estate Management for Indiana Farm Families,” Purdue Coop. Ext. Service Ext. Bull. No. EC-406, Lafayette, Indiana, Nov. 1971.Google Scholar
[11]Boehlje, M. D., and Eisgruber, Ludwig M., “Strategies for the Creation and Transfer of the Farm Estate.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 54, No. 3, Aug. 1972, pp. 461472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[12]Boehlje, Michael D., and White, T. Kelley, “A Production-Investment Decision Model,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 51, No. 3, Aug. 1969, p. 546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[13]Boehlje, Michael, and White, T. Kelley, “An Analysis of the Impact of Selected Factors on the Process of Farm Firm Growth,” Purdue Agrie. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 584, Dec. 1969.Google Scholar
[14]Brake, John R., and Lee, Warren F., “Converting Farm Assets to Retirement Purposes,” Michigan Farm Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, April and May, 1971.Google Scholar
[15]Brake, J. R., and Wirth, M. E., “The Michigan Farm Credit Panel: A History of Capital Accumulation,” Michigan State University Agri. Exp. Sta. Res. Report 25, East Lansing, 1964.Google Scholar
[16]Buss, Merle, “The Economics of Tax Management of the Types of Farm Organizations for Oklahoma Commercial Farm,” unpublished PhD. thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1971.Google Scholar
[17]Bureau of Census, “Characteristics of Farm Operators and Persons Living on Farms,” 1964 U.S. Census of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Commerce, Vol. II, Chapter 5.Google Scholar
[18]Bureau of Census, “Size of Farms,” 1964 Census of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Commerce, Vol. II, Chapter 3.Google Scholar
[19]Bureau of Census, 1969 Census of Agriculture, Vol. I, Part 36, Section 1, Washington, D.C., 1972.Google Scholar
[20]Bureau of Census, 1969 Census of Agriculture, Vol. I, Area Reports, Part 36, Oklahoma, Section 2, County Data, Washington, D.C., 1972.Google Scholar
[21]Calif. Agrie. Experiment Station Extension Service, Estate Planning for Farmers, Circular 461 (rev.) May, 1968.Google Scholar
[22]Carlin, Thomas A., and Reinsel, Edward I., “Combining Income and Wealth: An Analysis of Farm Family Well-Being,” To be published in American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Feb. 1973.Google Scholar
[23]Carter, H. O., and Dean, G. W., “Cost-Size Relationships for Cash Crop Farms in a Highly Commercialized Agriculture,” Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 43, No. 2, May, 1961, pp. 264277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[24]Chernoff, H., and Moses, Lincoln, Elementary Decision Theory, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1959.Google Scholar
[25]Clawson, Marion, “Aging Farmers and Agricultural Policy,” Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 45, No. 1, Feb. 1963, pp. 1330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[26]Cocks, K. D., and Carter, H. O., “Micro Goal Functions and Economic Planning,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 50, No. 2, May, 1968, pp. 400411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[27]Connor, L. J., “Long-run Adjustment Hypothesis for Farm Operators in a Sparsely Populated, High-Risk Area of the Great Plains,” unpublished PhD. thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1964.Google Scholar
[28]David, O. W., “Minimum Resources for Specified Income on Corn Farms and Hog Farms,” Illinois Agricultural Economics, Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan. 1964.Google Scholar
[29]Dean, G. E., and DeBendictis, M., “A Model of Economic Development for Peasant Farms in Southern Italy,” Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 46, No. 2, May, 1964, pp. 295312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[30]Duncan, Joseph G., Whiteside, Frederick W. Jr., and Stevens, Helen M., “Planning Your Estate,” Univ. of Kentucky, Cooperative Ext. Serv. Circular 628, 1971.Google Scholar
[31]Eidman, V. R.et. al., “Decision Models for California Turkey Growers,” Calif. Ag. Exp. St. Giannini Monograph No. 21, July, 1968.Google Scholar
[32]Eisgruber, L., and Nielson, J., “Decision-Making Models in Farm Management,” Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 11, No. 1, Feb. 1963, pp. 6365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[33]Epperson, James E., and Bell, Sidney C., “Getting Established in Farming with Special Reference to Credit,” Auburn Univ. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 400, April 1970.Google Scholar
[34]Fisher, Irving, The Rate of Interest, MacMillan Co., New York, 1907.Google Scholar
[35]Fisher, Irving, The Theory of Interest, MacMillan Co., New York, 1930.Google Scholar
[36]Graham, John R., An Analysis of Estate Planning by Arkansas Farmers, unpublished PhD. thesis, University of Ark., 1971.Google Scholar
[37]Graham, John R., et. al., “Estate Planning Problems, Tools and Case Studies of Arkansas Farm Estates,” Ark. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 771, Fayetteville, Ark., Feb., 1972.Google Scholar
[38]Harl, Neil, “Identification and Measurement of Selected Legal-Economic Effects of the Corporate Form of Business Organization Upon a Small Closely-Held Farm,” unpublished M.S. thesis, Iowa State University, 1965.Google Scholar
[39]Harl, Neil, Estate and Business Planning for the Farmer as a Sole Proprietor, Iowa State Un. of Science and Technology, Coop. Ext. Serv. Law-Econ. 31, Ames, Iowa, Oct. 1967.Google Scholar
[40]Harman, Wyatte L., Hughes, W. F. and Martin, J. R., “Prospective Cost of Adjusting to a Declining Water Supply-Texas High Plains,” Department of Agri. Econ. and Rural Soc, Tech. Report No. 71-3, Texas A&M University, 1971.Google Scholar
[41]Harrison, G., “A Planning Model for the Elderly Farm Estate Holder in Illinois,” unpublished M.S. thesis, Univ. of Illinois, 1966.Google Scholar
[42]Harrison, Virden L., “The Impact of Emerging Tax Policies on the Structure of Agriculture,” Presented to the Commercial Agriculture Committee of the Western Agricultural Economics Research Council, San Francisco, June 13-14, 1972.Google Scholar
[43]Harshbargar, C. E., “The Effect of Alternative Strategies Used in Decision-Making on Firm Growth and Adjustment,” unpublished PhD. thesis, Purdue University, 1969.Google Scholar
[44]Heady, Earl O., and Tweeten, Luther G., Resource Demand and Structure of the Agricultural Industry, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[45]Heidhues, Theodore, “A Recursive Programming Model of Farm Growth in Northern Germany,” Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 48, No. 3, Aug. 1966, pp. 668684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[46]Hepp, Ralph, “Computerized Analysis of Insurance and Estate Planning Problems.” Paper presented at Ration Formulation and EDP Decision Seminar, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, May 20, 1969.Google Scholar
[47]Hepp, Ralph, “Computer Analyzed Survivors Income Protection,” Agricultural Economics Report No. 152, Michigan State University Agri. Econ. Report No. 152, East Lansing, Dec. 1969.Google Scholar
[48]Hill, Elton B., “Farm Transfer and Estate Settlements-Taxes and Legal Cost,” Mich. State Univ., Coop. Ext. Serv., Bull. No. 628,Sept. 1968.Google Scholar
[49]Irwin, George D., “A Comparative Review of Some Firm Growth Models,” Agricultural Economic Research, Vol. 20, No. 8, Aug. 1968, pp. 82100.Google Scholar
[50]Irwin, George D., and Baker, C. B., “Effects of Lender Decisions on Farm Financial Planning,” Ill. Agrie. Exp. Sta. Bull. 688, Nov. 1962.Google Scholar
[51]Johnson, Jerome E., and White, James P., “Family Estate Planning,” N. Dakota State Univ., Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 463, revised Jan. 1969.Google Scholar
[52]Johnson, Stanley, “An Analysis of Some Factors Determining Farm Firm Growth,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M University, 1966.Google Scholar
[53]Johnson, S. R., Tefertiller, K. R., and Moore, D. S., “Stochastic Linear Programming and Feasibility Problems in Farm Growth Analysis,” Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 49, No. 4, Nov. 1967, pp. 908919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[54]Johnston, W. E., and Tolley, C. S., “The Supply of Farm Operators,” Econometrica, Vol. 36, No. 2, April 1968, pp. 365382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[55]Kanel, Don, “Farm Adjustments by Age Groups, North Central States, 1950-1959,” Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 45, No. 1, Feb. 1963, pp. 4760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[56]Krause, Kenneth R., “Family Estate Planning,” S. Dakota State Univ., Agr. Exp. Sta. Circular 177, revised May, 1967.Google Scholar
[57]Krause, Kenneth R., andKyle, Leonard R., “Economic Factors Underlying the Incidence of Large Farming Units: The Current Situation,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 52, No. 5, Dec. 1970, pp. 748760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[58]Krause, Kenneth R., and Kyle, Leonard R., “Midwestern Corn Farms: Economic Status and the Potential for Large and Family-Sized Units,” Agri. Econ. Report No. 216, ERS, USDA, 1971.Google Scholar
[59]Kutish, F. A., et. al., Can You Own Your Farm? Kentucky Agri. Exp. Sta., Circular 65, 1945.Google Scholar
[60]Lee, Warren F., and Brake, John R., “Conversion of Farm Assets for Retirements Purposes,” Michigan State Univ., Research Report 129, East Lansing, 1971.Google Scholar
[61]Levi, Donald R., and Allwood, James K., “Legal-Economic Models as a Tool for Optimizing Intergeneration Property Transfers,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 51, No. 5, Dec. 1969, pp. 13931398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[62]Levi, Don, Rottman, Leroy and Sprick, Gary, Estate Planning for Missouri Farmers, Manual 68, 1967, Extension Division, Un. of Missouri, Columbia, 1968.Google Scholar
[63]Lu, Yao-chi, Home, James, Tweeten, Luther, “Farming Opportunities For Farm Youth in Oklahoma and the United States,” Okla. Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. B-683, Sept. 1970.Google Scholar
[64]Luce, R. D., and Raiffa, H., Games and Decisions, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1957.Google Scholar
[65]Long, Erwin J., “The Agricultural Ladder, Its Adequacy as a Model for Farm Tenure Research,” Land Economics, Vol. 26, No. 3, Aug. 1950, pp. 268273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[66]Madden, J. Patrick, Economies of Size in Farming, Agr. Econ. Rep. 107, USDA, ERS, Feb. 1967.Google Scholar
[67]Martin, J. Rod, “Polyperiod Analysis of Capital Accumulation and Growth Processes of Farm Firms, Rolling Plains of Oklahoma and Texas,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Oklahoma State University, May, 1966.Google Scholar
[68]Maynard, Cecil, and Boehlje, M. D., “Reducing Farm Estate Settlement Cost,” Okla. State Ext. Service, Fact Sheet 710, Oct. 1971.Google Scholar
[69]Maynard, Cecil, and Boehlje, Michael, “Retirement Planning for Farmers,” Okla. Sta. Univ. Ext. Serv., EC-817, Stillwater, 1973.Google Scholar
[70]Maynard, Cecil, Jeffrey, D. B. and Uughlin, Glenn, “Estate Planning,” Okla. Sta. Ext. Serv., Circular E-726, 1968.Google Scholar
[71]Nelson, A. G., and Murray, W. G., Agricultural Finance, 5th edition, Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
[72]Nichter, A. M., “Inheritance and Transfer of Property in Indiana,” Purdue Univ. Ext. Circular 490, Feb. 1965.Google Scholar
[73]Nikolitch, Radoje, “Our 31,000 Largest Farms,” Agr. Econ. Rep. 175, USDA, ERS, March 1970.Google Scholar
[74]North Central Public Policy Education Committee, “Who Will Control U.S. Agriculture? Policies Affecting the Organization and Structure of U JS. Agriculture,” North Central Regional Ext. Pub. 32, Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill., 1972.Google Scholar
[75]O'Byrne, John C, and Timmons, John F., “Planning Farm Property Transfers Within Families in Iowa,” Iowa State Univ. Bull. P-125, Ames, Iowa, 1959.Google Scholar
[76]Patrick, George, and Eisgruber, L. M., “Impact of Managerial Ability and Capital Structure on Growth of the Farm Firm,” American Journal ofAgricultural Economics, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 491506, Aug. 1968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[77]Pinna, W. P., Wells, R. C., and Harwood, D. G. Jr., “Estate Planning for North Carolina Farm Families.” Econ. EIR-15, N. C. State Univ., Jan. 1970.Google Scholar
[78]Rogers, L., “A Preliminary Investigation of Influence of Age and Financial Structure upon Transfer Strategies for Estate Management,” Paper presented at the joint meeting of W-104 and GP-12 regional research committees, Denver, Colorado, June 16, 1970.Google Scholar
[79]Simunek, Richard W., “An Evaluation of Age, Liquidity and Strategy on Intergeneration Farm Transfer Cost,” unpublished MJS. thesis, Washington State University, 1971.Google Scholar
[80]Smith, Robert S., “Farmers and Retirement,” New York State College of Agriculture, Inform. Bull. 5, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1971.Google Scholar
[81]Smith, Robert S., “Tax Problems in Transferring Farms,” Dept. Agr. Econ. A. E. Ext. 272, Cornell Univ., Jan. 1964.Google Scholar
[82]Strickland, P. L., Plaxico, J. S. and Lagrone, W. F., “Minimum Land Requirements and Adjustments for Specific Income Levels, Southwestern Oklahoma,” Okla. Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. B-608, Stillwater, 1963.Google Scholar
[83]Sundquist, W. B., “Changing Structure of Agriculture and Resulting Statistical Needs,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 52, No. 2, May, 1970, pp. 315320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[84]Thomas, Kenneth H., and Jensen, Harald R., “Starting Farming in South Central Minnesota…Guidelines, Financial Rewards, Requirements,” Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. 499, Univ. of Minn., 1969.Google Scholar
[85]Tolley, C. S., “Management Entry Into U.S. Agriculture,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 52, No. 4, Nov. 1970, pp. 485493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[86]Tolley, C. S., and Hjort, H. W., “Age-Mobility and Southern Farmer Skill-Looking Ahead For Area Development,” Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 45, No. 1. Feb. 1963, pp. 3146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[87]U.S. Senate, “Corporate Farming,” Senate Committee on Small Business, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Monopoly, Gov. Print. Office, Wash., D.C., 1968, pp. 11, 12, 170, 177.Google Scholar
[88]Walker, Odell L., and Martin, James R., “Firm Growth Research Opportunities and Techniques,” Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 48, No. 5, Dec, 1966, pp. 15221531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[89]Watzek, John A., “Factors Related to Successor Failure on Getting Started in Farming,” unpublished M.S. thesis, Purdue University, 1970.Google Scholar
[90]Woods, W. Fred, “A Review of Federal Estate and Gift Taxes, Proposed Changes and Impacts on the Farm Sector,” unpublished manuscript, Agricultural Finance Branch, FPED-ERS, USDA, Washington, 1972.Google Scholar