¹ Vandenberg, Arthur H. Jr, ed., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1952), p. 1.Google Scholar

² Fulbright, J. William, The Arrogance of Power (London: Jonathan Cape, 1967), p. 4Google Scholar; Newsweek, 23 12 1968, p. 19.Google Scholar

³ Cole, Wayne S., Review of Selig Adler, The Isolationist Impulse, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 45 (06, 1958), 162Google Scholar. Cf. also, for example, Langer, William L. and Gleason, Everett S., The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–40 (2 vols.; New York: Harper, 1952)Google Scholar, Drummond, Donald F., The Passing of American Neutrality, 1937–41 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1955)Google Scholar. Exceptions to this trend were Beard, Charles A., American Foreign Policy in the Making, 1932–40 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946)Google Scholar and Tansill, Charles C., Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy 1933–41 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952)Google Scholar. The bitter and immoderate attacks on Roosevelt's foreign policy in these studies, however, caused them to fail to win acceptance by historians.

⁴ Jonas, Manfred, Isolationism in America, 1935–41 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966), p. viii.Google Scholar

⁵ Johnson, Hiram, b. 1866Google Scholar; Governor of California 1910–16; senator from California 1916–45; died 6 August 1945. Johnson's papers, lodged in the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, were closed for twenty years after his death, and opened in 1966. Of particular value are his ‘diary letters’, letters written from Washington to his son in California throughout his long Senate career. These letters provide a fascinating commentary on American political affairs from World War I to World War II. The diary letters are to be published on microfiche by the University of California Press within the next few years, with commentary on each letter by Professor Robert E. Burke of the University of Washington.

⁶ Congressional Record, 76 Cong., 2 Sess., 20 10 1939, p. 631Google Scholar; Johnson, to Manchester Boddy, 18 05 1940Google Scholar, Johnson Papers.

⁷ Congressional Record, 76 Cong., 2 Sess., 20 10 1939, p. 631.Google Scholar

⁸ Congressional Record, 74 Cong., 1 Sess., 16 01 1935, p. 498.Google Scholar

⁹ Johnson's correspondence is very full on the crises in Europe in the late 1930s and especially 1939–41, but he rarely refers to developments in the Far East.

¹⁰ Johnson to Hiram W. Johnson Jr, 9 June 1940, Johnson Papers.

¹¹ Johnson to Hiram W. Johnson Jr, 8 November 1940, Johnson Papers.

¹² Johnson to Hiram W. Johnson Jr, 21 April 1939, Johnson Papers.

¹³ New York Times, 24 06 1941.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Congressional Record, 76 Cong., 1 Sess., 2 03 1939, p. 2131.Google Scholar

¹⁵ U.S., Congress, Senate, To Promote the Defense of the United States, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, on S.Res. 275, 77 Cong., 1 Sess., 1941, p. 315.Google Scholar

¹⁶ New York Times, 11 01 1941Google Scholar; Johnson to Hirsm W. Johnson Jr, 10 August 1941, Johnson Papers.

¹⁷ Billington, Ray, ‘The Origins of Middle Western Isolationism’, Political Science Quarterly, 40 (March 1945), 44–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carleton, William G., ‘Isolationism and the Middle West’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 33 (12 1946), 377–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ Lubell, Samuel, ‘Who Votes Isolationist and Why’, Harper's Magazine, 202 (04 1951), 29–36Google Scholar; Deconde, Alexander, ‘On Twentieth Century Isolationism’, in Isolation and Security, ed. Deconde, Alexander (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1957), pp. 13–17.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Cole, Wayne S., America First (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953), pp. 70–4Google Scholar; Goldman, Eric, Rendezvous with Destiny (New York: Knopf, 1952), pp. 290–7.Google Scholar

²⁰ Baker, Ray Stannard, Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, vol. vi: Facing War, (New York: Doubleday, 1940), p. 506.Google Scholar

²¹ Grassmuck, George L., Sectional Biases in Congress on Foreign Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1951), p. 159.Google Scholar

²² Smuckler, Ralph, ‘The Region of Isolationism’, American Political Science Quarterly, 47 (06 1953), 395.Google Scholar

²³ Lubell, , ‘Who Votes Isolationist and Why’, pp. 29–36Google Scholar; Idem, The Future of American Politics (2nd ed., rev.; London: Hamish Hamilton, 1952).Google Scholar

²⁴ Smuckler, , ‘Region of Isolationism’, pp. 400–1Google Scholar; Jonas, , Isolationism in America, pp. 19–21.Google Scholar

²⁵ Grassmuck, , Sectional Biases in Congress on Foreign Policy, p. 14.Google Scholar

²⁶ Johnson to Hiram W. Johnson Jr, 10 April 1932, Johnson Papers.

²⁷ Congressional Record, 77 Cong., 1 Sess., 5 11 1941, pp. 8514–15.Google Scholar

²⁸ Johnson to C. K. McClatchey, 24 April 1919; Johnson to Hiram W. Johnson Jr, 22 May 1919, Johnson Papers.

²⁹ Cole, Wayne S., Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Policy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1962), pp. 6–13Google Scholar; Bailey, Thomas A., The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on Foreign Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1948), pp. 134–9Google Scholar; Miller, Robert M., American Protestantism and Social Issues, 1919–39 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), pp. 317–44.Google Scholar

³⁰ Johnson to Mrs Hiram W. Johnson Jr, 3 August 1918, Johnson Papers.

³¹ Lubell, , The Future of American Politics, pp. 76, 77.Google Scholar

³² Fulbright, J. William, ‘Myths, and Realities’, in Davids, Jules, ed., Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1964 (New York: Harper, 1965), pp. 20–30.Google Scholar

³³ New York Times, 29 04 1919.Google Scholar

³⁴ Congressional Record, 76 Cong., 2 Sess., 20 10 1939, p. 628Google Scholar; Los Angeles Times, 2 09 1939Google Scholar. Newsreel clippings from the 1930s in the Bancroft Library capture the tone and flavour of Johnson's speeches very well.

³⁵ Jonas, , Isolationism in America, pp. 284–6.Google Scholar