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² Report of Mrs Potter Palmer, President, to the Board of Lady Managers, September 2, 1891 (Chicago, 1891), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

³ Chicago Tribune, 16 November, 1890.Google Scholar

⁴ Biographies and bibliographies for Mary Logan and the following women mentioned in this article can be found in James, Edward (ed.): Notable American Women, 1607–1950 (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press, 1971)Google Scholar; Hallie Brown, Matilda Carse, Fanny Coppin, Phoebe Couzins, Frances Harper, Isabella Hooker, Bertha Palmer, Ida Wells-Barnett, Fannie Williams.

⁵ Approved official minutes of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commission, 19–26 November (Chicago, 1891), p. 79.Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid., pp. 91–2.

⁷ Brayton, to Tourgée, Albion W., 13 April, 1892Google Scholar, in the Albion W. Tourgée Papers, Chautauqua County Historical Society, Westfield, N.Y.; hereafter cited as TP. Tourgée, radical-liberal judge, journalist and author, was the adviser and confidante of black and white liberals; and as ‘Bystander’ of the Chicago Inter-Ocean, had a special interest in the city. Keller, Dean H., ‘An Index to the Albion W. Tourgée Papers’, Kent State University Bulletin (05, 1964)Google Scholar, numbers the items in the Brayton-Tourgée correspondence, 4361, 4717, 4789, 6181.

⁸ Cooke, Susan G., ‘To all interested in the colored people’, 3 ppGoogle Scholar. carbon typescript, Logan Family Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; hereafter cited as LP.

⁹ Approved official minutes … November 19–26, p. 92.

¹⁰ Congressional Record, 51:2, 24 February 1891, pp. 3196–7Google Scholar

¹¹ Trent, to Logan, , 25 March 1891, LP.Google Scholar

¹² The Board had faced ‘the burning question … whether the work of women at the Fair should be shown separately or in conjunction with the work of men’ and had decided to integrate. Mrs Palmer's Address to the Fortnightly Club of Chicago (Chicago, 1891), p. 4.Google Scholar

¹³ Women's Columbian Association, Aim and Plan of Action. Constitution and Bylaws (Chicago, 02 1891)Google Scholar; 10 pp. carbon typescript, TP. Keller, loc. cit., items 5384A, 6148. Apart from Mrs Boone, infra, only one of the fourteen ladies has been identified as subsequently active: Mrs Lloyd [Connie E.] Curl, who became President of the Women's Civic League of Illinois, 1896–8, and Recording Secretary of the National Association of Colored Women, 1899–1900. See [Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay], The Story of the Illinois Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, 1900–22 [n.p., n.d.], pp. 50–1, 98.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Felton, to Logan, , 30 March 1891, LPGoogle Scholar. Presumably southern representation was slight because Mrs Palmer expected to find most evidence of women's progress in the North.

¹⁵ Logan, to Palmer, , 16 October 1891, LP.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Trent to Logan, , 25 March, 4 April 1891, LP.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Philips, Frances B., ‘To all interested in the colored women’ (Office of the Illinois Women's Exposition Board, 1 October 1891)Google Scholar; 1 p. carbon typescript, Lp.

¹⁸ See An Official Statement of the Act of the Executive Committee of the Board of Lady Managers in removing from office Miss Phoebe Couzins (Chicago, 1891)Google Scholar; infra, note 25; Hooker, to Palmer, , 8 May, 17 June 1891Google Scholar, Palmer, to Hooker, , 4 June 1891Google Scholar, in Correspondence of Mrs. Bertha Honoré Palmer, President, Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commission, Chicago Historical Society; hereafter cited as PP.

¹⁹ ‘The Appeal to the representative negro women of the United States’, Boston Courant, 24 October 1891Google Scholar; issued ‘a few weeks ago’, ibid.Wells, Ida B. (ed.), The Reason Why the Colored American is not in the World's Columbian Exposition [Chicago, 1893], p. 71.Google Scholar Cooke, loc. cit., ‘The Appeal …, loc, cit., and Palmer, to MrsHarrison, Russell, 3 November 1891Google Scholar, PP, all mention four organizations.

²⁰ Official Manual of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commission, November 10, 1890 September 9, 1891 (Chicago, 1891), pp. 264, 282, 299.Google Scholar

²¹ Cooke, loc. cit.

²² Ibid.

²³ Report of Mrs Potter Palmer, President, to the Board of Lady Managers, September 2, 1891 (Chicago, 1891), p. 29.Google Scholar

²⁴ ‘Report of Amy M. Starkweather, Superintendent, State Work, Chief of Installation and Superintendent of Woman's Building’, Appendices ‘A-I’ through ‘A-11’; carbon typescript, Chicago Historical Society.

²⁵ ‘The Appeal …’, loc. cit. The representative was Mrs Lockwood. See Palmer, to Cantrill, , 17 October 1891Google Scholar; Palmer, to Lockwood, , 18 October 1891, PP.Google Scholar

²⁶ Palmer, to Logan, , 15 October 1891, LPGoogle Scholar; Washington Star, 7 October 1891Google Scholar. Roberts and Henderson later joined the W.C.A.; they were signatories to the resolution of 16 December 1891, infra, p. 328 and note 41.Google Scholar

²⁷ For Sarah J. Early, see Scruggs, L. A., Woman of Distinction (Raleigh, N.C., 1893)Google Scholar. No mention of the black women's circulars has been located in the black press, which was as diverse in its concepts of a black exhibit as the rest of the black community – see Rudwick and Meier, loc. cit. The State Capital, Springfield, 111., 17 October 1891, published Susan G. Cooke's circular without comment. Mrs Palmer claimed the black press ‘more universally than any class of publication demanded pay for the insertion of articles relating to the exhibit, which of course prevented their readers from gaining the information … this created the impression among them that their interests are being neglected’. Palmer, to Brown, Hallie Q., 4 July 1892, PP.Google Scholar

²⁸ ‘The Appeal …’, loc. cit.

²⁹ Palmer, to Logan, , 3 November 1891, PPGoogle Scholar; Trent, to Logan, , 4 November 1891, LP.Google Scholar

³⁰ Palmer, to Logan, , 15 October 1891, LP.Google Scholar

³¹ Ibid.

³² Cantrill was in a sanatorium in Georgetown, Kentucky. In a 28 pp. letter to Palmer, 21 September 1891, PP, she barely mentioned the black women, except to refer to Trent as ‘most irritating to my nostrils physical and spiritual’.

³³ Bishop Charles Fowler of Minneapolis had been a pastor in Chicago, and President of North western University. For Douglass's role in the black exhibit controversy, moderate until his speech on 25 August 1893, ‘Colored People's Day at the Fair’, see Rudwick and Meier, loc. cit.

³⁴ Palmer, to Logan, , 11 and 15 October 1891, PPGoogle Scholar; Philips, loc. cit.; ‘As a Lady Manager ….’, 1 p. carbon typescript, LP.

³⁵ Trent, to Logan, , 1 November 1891, LP.Google Scholar

³⁶ Olmstead, to Logan, , 14 October 1891Google Scholar; Felton, to Logan, , 17 October 1891, LPGoogle Scholar; Cantrill, to Palmer, , 21 September 1891Google Scholar; Palmer, to Cantrill, , 17 October 1891, PPGoogle Scholar. There is no evidence that Logan was anything but solid behind state referral. Letters to Palmer, , 16 October 1891Google Scholar, and Trent, 10 November 1891, PP, show she disliked Trent. Palmer, to Cantrill, , 17 October 1891, PPGoogle Scholar, claimed Mrs Carse tried to have Mrs Paul's resolution voted down.

³⁷ Palmer, to MrsPrice, Charles of South Carolina, 11 August 1891, PP.Google Scholar

³⁸ Palmer, to Logan, , 3 November 1891Google Scholar; Palmer, to Harrison, , 3 November 1891, PP.Google Scholar

³⁹ Palmer, to Logan, , 11 October 1891Google Scholar; Logan, to Trent, 4 November 1891, LPGoogle Scholar; Cooke, loc. cit.

⁴⁰ Logan, to Trent, , 4 November 1891, LP.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Women's Columbian Association, ‘Whereas we understand that a request has been made ….’, 16 December 1891, PPGoogle Scholar. The young man was James Johnson (Wells, , The Reason Why …, p. 74Google Scholar); Mrs Johnson was an officer of the W.C.A. (supra, note 13).Google Scholar

⁴² ‘Cultured Negro Ladies’, Chicago Tribune, 28 October 1888Google Scholar. The W.C.A. may have misunderstood the nature of Mrs Williams's application. According to the Chicago Tribune, 16 December 1891Google Scholar, her application was made with black Illinois State Congressman E. H. Morris, and requested that ‘a department be created and placed in charge of a colored man or woman to promote the interest of the World's Columbian Exposition throughout the U.S.’; Wells, , The Reason Why …, p. 75Google Scholar, cites a resolution urging ‘the expediency of having the department of Publicity and Promotion employ a colored man and a colored woman to promote the interest of the World's Columbian Exposition throughout the U.S.’.

⁴³ Brown, Rose to Palmer, , 19 December 1891, PP.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Brown, Hallie to Hooker, , February 1892Google Scholar; Hooker, to Logan, , 11 April 1892Google Scholar; Brown, to Logan, , 19 April 1892, LPGoogle Scholar; Palmer, to Cantrill, , 30 March 1892, PPGoogle Scholar. The orher twenty-two women came from Col., Fla., Ill., Ind., Mich., Mo., N.J., Ohio, Pa., S.C., Miss, and Wash. D.C.

⁴⁵ Palmer, to Cantrill, , 30 March 1892.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Brown, Hallie Q., ‘It seems to be a settled conviction …’, (Chicago, 8 April 1892), 1 pGoogle Scholar. carbon typescript, LP; Brown, to Logan, , 19 April 1892, LP.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay, Lifting as they climb [National Association of Colored Women, 1933], p. 20Google Scholar. Davis, the official historian of the N.A.C.W., claimed, ibid., that Miss Brown's oratory, which inspired the women present to form ‘The Colored Women's League’, proved that it was due to her ‘that the women stepped across the threshold of the home into the wider area of Organized Womanhood’; but the occasion was equally the result of cumulative onslaughts on the black female consciousness.

⁴⁸ Palmer, to Brown, , 4 July 1892. PP.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Rudwick and Meier, loc. cit.; Curtis to Starkweather [1893], PP. The Reason Why …, p. 74Google Scholar, suggests Mrs Curtis stepped into a post vacated by Mrs Williams, but this has not been substantiated. MrsMossell, N. F., The Work of the Afro-American Woman (Philadelphia: George S. Ferguson Co., 1894), pp. 21, 84Google Scholar, and Cromwell, John W., The Negro in American History (The American Negro Academy, 1914), pp. 10–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar, suggest that Mrs Curtis was also on the Illinois State Board of Lady Managers, and that three other women were appointed to State Boards: Florence A. Lewis, World's Fair's correspondent of the Philadelphia Times (Pa.); Mrs S. A. Williams, founder of an orphanage in New Orleans (Miss.); and Joan Imogen Howard (New York). For details of MissHoward, 's work, infra, p. 335Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Williams, and Palmer, were in correspondence on 15 December 1891Google Scholar; 6 September, 5 October, 28 November 1892; 1, 5 July, 16 August 1893, PP.

⁵¹ Williams, to Tourgée, , 12 March 1893, TPGoogle Scholar; Keller, loc. cit., item 6735.

⁵² Sewall, May Wright (ed.), The World's Congress of Representative Women (Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1894), p. 396.Google Scholar

⁵³ Ibid., pp. 711–9; World's Congress of Representative Women, Suffrage Congress, August 9, 1891Google Scholar, official programme; World's Congress Auxiliary, The American Association of the Educators of Colored Youth, July 25–9, 1893, official programmeGoogle Scholar; Barrows, John Henry (ed.), The World's Parliament of Religions (Chicago: The Parliament Publishing Co., 1893), vol. 2, 1895Google Scholar. For Anna J. Cooper, see Cromwell, op. cit., p. 11.

⁵⁴ Minutes of the meeting[s] of the Board of Women Managers of the State of New York at the World's Columbian Exposition, June 7, 1892 [–January 17, 1894, n.p., n.d.], pp. 22–32, 75, 104Google Scholar; Report of Miss J. Imogen Howard to the Board of Women Managers of the Exhibition of the State of New York at the World's Columbian Exposition [n.p., n.d.], pp. 3–5. 29–30Google Scholar

⁵⁵ The Afro-American, Baltimore, 29 April 1893, p. 3.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Duster, Alfreda M. (ed.), Crusade for Justice: the Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago: University Press, 1970), pp. 115–9.Google Scholar