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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 November 2016
This essay examines the broad and understudied contributions of pioneer American anthropologist Alexander Francis Chamberlain (1865–1914), who earned America's first PhD in anthropology at Clark University under the legendary anthropologist Franz Boas. Before his untimely death on the eve of World War I, and Boas's rise as a leading scientific spokesman of antiracism at Columbia University, Chamberlain contributed as significantly as Boas to the fields of linguistic and cultural anthropology, cross-cultural psychology, child development, comparative folklore, and Native American and African American culture, and to the cause of equality and justice for all humans. Chamberlain subscribed to an antiracist cultural evolutionism, frequently and passionately condemning ethnocentrism and insisting on the “generic humanity” of all persons, of all races. Close reading of Chamberlain's work suggests not that Boas's work mattered less, but rather that both men participated in an emerging debate on the nature and meaning of race that informed social policy and shaped academic interests during the Progressive Era.
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27 Alexander F. Chamberlain to Louis N. Wilson, 24 March 1914, in “In Memory of Alexander Francis Chamberlain a Member of the Faculty at Clark University, 1892–1914” (bound book of documents), Clark University Archives and Special Collections, Worcester, MA.
28 Chamberlain, fluent in German, undoubtedly spoke with Freud. They appeared together in a famous photograph on the Clark campus. See Burnham, John, ed., After Freud Left: A Century of Psychoanalysis in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 58, 59, 83CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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31 “British Association Sections: Summary of Proceedings in Various Departments,” Toronto Globe, 21 Aug. 1897; Chamberlain, A. F., “Anthropology at the Toronto Meeting of the British Association,” Science, n.s., 6 (15 Oct. 1897), 575–83, 579CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gale Avrith, “Science at the Margins: The British Association and the Foundations of Canadian Anthropology, 1834–1910” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1986), 203–4.
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35 Starr, Frederick, “Anthropological Work in America,” Popular Science Monthly, 41 (July 1892), 289–307, 307Google Scholar. Chamberlain received the third Ph.D. awarded by Clark.
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41 F. W. Rudmin, “Alexander Francis Chamberlain (1865–1914), Canadian Pioneer in Cross-cultural Psychology,” n.d., typescript [9, 10], Vertical File, Clark University Archives and Special Collections.
42 Valsiner, 222.
43 Alex F. Chamberlain to Frederick W. Hodge, 31 Jan. 1903, Bureau of American Ethnology Papers.
44 Alexander F. Chamberlain to [Otis Tufton] Mason, 26 Feb. 1904, with notes on Far Eastern Races, Records of the Department of Anthropology, US National Museum, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology Series 17: Division of Ethnology, Manuscript and Pamphlet File, Box 39, National Anthropological Archives.
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46 Albert N. Gilbertson, “Bibliography of Alexander Francis Chamberlain, 1887–1910, Supplement, 1887–1913,” Clark University Archives and Special Collections; and Gilberston, “In Memoriam: Alexander Francis Chamberlain,” 337–48.
47 Chamberlain, Alexander Francis, “Anthropology,” in William Edward Story and Wilson, L. N., Clark University, 1889–1899: Decennial Celebration (Worcester: Norwood Press, 1899), 157–58Google Scholar.
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49 Null, Elizabeth F., McNeil, W. K., and Pifer, Lynn, “The Journal's Editors,” Journal of American Folklore, 101 (Oct.–Dec. 1988), 22–23 Google Scholar. Because of the extant scholarship devoted to Chamberlain's childhood research, I have omitted detailed analysis of it in this essay.
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51 Boas, Franz, “The Child and Childhood in Folk-Thought,” Science, n.s., 3 (15 May 1896), 741–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Contemporary anthropologists employed the terms “comparative” and “evolutionist” methods synonymously.
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59 Thomas B. A. Chamberlain and Kate M. Chamberlain in Wilson, “Alexander Francis Chamberlain,” 8.
60 Chamberlain, Alexander F., “One Phase of Imperialism,” The Nation, 88 (17 June 1909), 608Google Scholar; Rudmin, [7].
61 “Politics in Church,” Worcester Telegram, 11 Nov. 1912, 9.
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63 Valsiner, “The Fate of the Forgotten,” 239.
64 Wilson], L.N. W. [Louis Napoleon, “Death of Professor Chamberlain,” Clark College Record, Volume IX, 1914 (Worcester: Published for the College, 1914), 168Google Scholar. Also see “Alexander Francis Chamberlain,” American Journal of Psychology, 25 (July 1914), 470Google Scholar.
65 “Dr. A. F. Chamberlain,” Worcester Post, 9 April 1914.
66 “Prof. Chamberlain,” unidentified clipping in “In Memory of Alexander Francis Chamberlain a Member of the Faculty at Clark University.”
67 Springfield Republican, 13 April 1914, clipping in ibid.
68 Valsiner, 228, 231, 237.
69 Chamberlain, Alexander F., “Anthropology at the Toronto Meeting of the British Association,” Science, n.s., 6 (15 Oct. 1897), 575–83, 579CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
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95 “Would Mix Blacks and Whites,” New York Times, 10 March 1911, 8.
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