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¹⁴ Legal defense of Sir John Hotham, c. November 1644, Hull History Centre, Hull University Archives (HHC: HUA), Hotham MS, DDHO/1/35; The trial of Colonel John Morris, 16 August 1649, British Library (BL), Egerton MS 1048, fols. 101–4.

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¹⁸ Lake, Peter, “Anti-Popery: The Structure of a Prejudice,” in Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics, 1603–1642, ed. Cust, Richard and Hughes, Ann (Harlow, 1989), 98.Google Scholar Examples of accounts of change of religion include Sheldon, Richard, The Motives of Richard Sheldon, Priest for his Just, Voluntary and Free Renunciation of Communion with the Bishop of Rome (London, 1612)Google Scholar; Gee, John, The Foot out of the Snare with a Detection of Sundry Late Practices and Impostures of the Priests and Jesuites in England (London, 1624)Google Scholar; Wadsworth, James, The English Spanish Pilgrime. Or, A New Discoverie of Spanish Popery, and Jesuiticall stratagems with the estate of the English Pentioners and Fugitives under the King of Spaines Dominions, and Elsewhere at this Present (London, 1630)Google Scholar; Abernethie, Thomas, Abjuration of Poperie, by Thomas Abernethie: Sometime Jesuite, but now Penitent Sinner, and an Unworthie Member of the True Reformed Church of God in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1638)Google Scholar.

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³⁴ BL, TT E250(8), A Perfect Diurnall of Some Passages in Parliament, 4–11 September (London, 1643), 58; BL, TT E409(22), The Juglers Discovered, In Two Letters Writ By Lievt. Col. John Lilburne, Prerogative Prisoner in the Tower of London, 1 October (London, 1647), 4.

³⁵ The information of Richard Fawcett of Richmond, August 1645, TNA: PRO, SP 23/172/450–459.

³⁶ Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 3:195.

³⁷ BL, TT E32(14): A Declaration made to the Kingdome by Henry, Earle of Holland, 10 February (London, 1644), 6.

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⁴⁵ Journals of the House of Lords, 6:411.

⁴⁶ Jones, Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth-Century England, 130.

⁴⁷ Carlton, Charles, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638–1651 (London, 1992), 198.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ Donagan, War in England, 319 n. Executions of recaptured turncoats began when Reading was surrendered to the earl of Essex in April 1643. Parliamentarians hanged more recaptured turncoats in Devon during 1644 and 1645: Donagan, War in England, 104, 176; Gentles, Ian, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1652 (Harlow, 2007), 170Google Scholar; Journal of the civil war by John Syms, 1642–1649, BL, Add. MS 35297, fols. 38r, 47r, 61r; Stoyle, Loyalty and Locality, 112.

⁵⁰ Ashton, Counter Revolution, 406, 421, 465–66.

⁵¹ Morgan, Basil, “Sir Faithful Fortescue (b. in or before 1581, d.1666),” in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004)Google Scholar (ODNB); Newman, The Old Service, 57–58, and Royalist Officers, 142; Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 2:360, 363.

⁵² Gentles, Ian, “The Iconography of Revolution: England, 1642–1649,” in Soldiers, Writers and Statesmen of the English Revolution, ed. Gentles, Ian, Morrill, John, and Worden, Blair (Cambridge, 1998), 100.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Edward M. Furgol, “Sir John Urry (d.1650),” in ODNB; Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 241.

⁵⁵ Sir Hugh Cholmley's memorial touching the battle of York, 1648, Bodleian Library (Bodl.), Oxford, Clarendon MS 23, fol. 153v; The history of the Scottish civil war by Henry Guthrie, Bishop of Dunkeld, 1637–49, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, Osborn Shelves, b169, fol. 152; Binns, Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley, 137; Donagan, War in England, 49.

⁵⁶ Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 3:73–74.

⁵⁷ BL, TT E100(6), A Most Miraculous and Happy Victory Obtained by James Chudleigh Serjeant Major Generall of the Forces under the E. of Stamford, against Sir Ralph Hopton, 29 April (London, 1643), 3.

⁵⁸ Chudleigh claimed that he overawed the royalists “by beating in his six Scouts with three of ours and our shadows, we are left the onelie defence of this Countie”: BL, TT E100(17): Speciall Passages and Certain Informations from Severall Places, 25 April to 2 May (London, 1643), 310–12.

⁵⁹ Chudleigh, James, Serjeant Major James Chudleigh his Declaration to his Country-men (Oxford, 1643), 1–5.Google Scholar

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⁶¹ BL, TT E75(37), Mercurius Aulicus, 29 October to 4 November (Oxford, 1643), 625; BL, TT E37(20), A Declaration Published in the County of Devon by that Grand Ambo-dexter, Sir George Chudleigh Baronet, 3–7.

⁶² Lindley, Keith and Scott, David, eds., The Journal of Thomas Juxon, 1644–1647, Camden Society, 5th ser., 13 (1999), 48Google Scholar; BL, TT E250(16), A Perfect Diurnall of Some Passages in Parliament, 25 September to 2 October (London, 1643), 88.

⁶³ The term skellum had been used by Ben Jonson in 1611 and signified a rascal, scamp, scoundrel, or villain: Simpson and Weiner, The Oxford English Dictionary, 15:590.

⁶⁴ Miller, Sir Richard Grenville, 67–70.

⁶⁵ Journal of the civil war by John Syms, 18 March 1643/4, BL, Add. MS 35297, fols. 31r-32v; BL, TT E47(1), A Continuation of the True Narration of the Most Observable Passages in and about Plymouth, 10 May (London, 1644), 9–12. The tract Grenville enclosed was almost certainly this one: BL, TT E36(10), The Iniquity of the Late Solemne League or Covenant, Discovered by Way of a Letter to a Gentleman Desiring Information upon the Poynt, 9 March (London, 1644).

⁶⁶ “A Narrative of the affairs of the West since the defeat of the Erle of Essex at Listiddiell in Cornwell,” c. 1647, Bodl., Clarendon MS 27, fols. 77–80.

⁶⁷ Ibid., fol. 79.

⁶⁸ Ibid., fol. 3.

⁶⁹ Stoyle, M. J., “The Last Refuge of a Scoundrel: Sir Richard Grenville and Cornish Particularism, 1644–46,” Historical Research 71, no. 174 (February 1998): 49.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Bedford et al., Early Modern Autobiography, 9; Letter of Sir Richard Grenville to the marquis of Ormond, 4 January 1653–54, Bodl., Clarendon MS 47, fol. 242.

⁷¹ “Sir Richard Grenviles Single Defence Against all Aspersions (in the Power or Ayme) of Malignant Persons: And to Satisfie the Contrary,” 28 January 1653–54, Bodl., Clarendon MS 47, fols. 312r–316v.

⁷² Ibid., fol. 312r.

⁷³ Ann Hughes, “Men, the ‘Public’ and the ‘Private’ in the English Revolution,” in Lake and Pincus, The Politics of the Public Sphere, 201–2.

⁷⁴ “Sir Richard Grenviles Single Defence,” Bodl., Clarendon MS 47, fol. 316r-v; Ronald G. Asch, “Thomas Wentworth, first earl of Strafford (1593–1641),” in ODNB.

⁷⁵ Peacey, Jason, Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum (Aldershot, 2004), 27, 36.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ BL, TT E244(30), Mercurius Aulicus, 1–7 January (Oxford, 1643), 6.

⁷⁸ BL, TT E246(35), A Copy of a Letter Writ from Serjeant Major Kirle, to a Friend in Windsor (London, 1643), 2–3.Google Scholar

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⁸⁰ Eales, Jacqueline, Community and Disunity: Kent and the English Civil Wars, 1640–1649 (Faversham, 2001), 15.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Jason Peacey, “Popularity and the Politician: Sir Edward Dering and the Public, 1640–1644,” paper presented at the Early Modern British History Seminar, University of Cambridge, 2007.

⁸² BL, TT E40(5): A Declaration by Sir Edward Dering Knight and Baronet, 1 April (London, 1644), 8–11.

⁸³ Ibid., 2–3, 6, 7–8.

⁸⁴ Firth, C. H., ed., The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Lieutenant General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England, 1625–1672, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1894), 1:86Google Scholar; Bickley, Francis, ed., Report on the Manuscripts of the Late Reginald Rawdon Hastings, Esq., TNA: Historical Manuscripts Commission (HMC), 78, 4 vols. (London, 1928–47), 2:122Google Scholar; BL, TT E32(1), A Continuation of Certain Speciall and Remarkable Passages Informed to the Parliament, 1–8 February (London, 1644), 7Google Scholar; BL, TT E32(11), The Parliament Scout Communicating his Intelligence to the Kingdome, 2–9 February (London, 1644), 278–80.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Tim Harris, “Anthony Ashley Cooper (1621–1683),” in ODNB; Patrick Little, “Four Dorset Turncoats,” paper delivered at conference on the Civil War at the Dorset Record Office, Dorchester, 2002.

⁸⁶ Glaser, The Creation of the Self, 5.

⁸⁷ Sharpe and Zwicker, Writing Lives, vi, 4, 13, 19.

⁸⁸ Binns, Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley, 144.

⁸⁹ Ibid., 105.

⁹⁰ Ibid., 143.

⁹¹ For Cholmley's complaint to Speaker Lenthall, see TNA: HMC, Portland MSS, 29, 13th Report, appendix, pt. 1 (London, 1891), vol. 1, 90; York Minster Library (YML), Civil War Tract (CWT), 43-01-18, Newes from Yorke. Being a True Relation of the Proceedings of Sir Hugh Cholmley (London, 1643)Google Scholar.

⁹² Binns, Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley, 142–43.

⁹³ Journals of the House of Commons, 2:893; Letter of Sir Hugh Cholmley to William Lenthall, 16 January 1642–43, TNA: HMC, Portland MSS, 29, 13th Report, appendix, pt. 1, vol. 1, 90; Parliamentary journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, 16 February 1642–43, BL, Harl. MS 164, fol. 298r.

⁹⁴ BL, TT E95(9), A True and Exact Relation of all the Proceedings of Sir Hugh Cholmley's Revolt, 7 April (London, 1643), 4.

⁹⁵ Binns, Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley, 70–71, 99.

⁹⁶ Heal, Felicity and Holmes, Clive, The Gentry in England and Wales, 1500–1700 (London, 1994), 338.Google Scholar

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⁹⁹ Parliamentary journal of Lawrence Whitacre, 2 April 1643, BL, Add. MS 31116, fol. 40r; Parliamentary journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, 3 April 1643, BL, Harl. MS 164, fol. 351r; Parliamentary journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, 23 October 1645, BL, Harl. MS 166, fol. 271r.

¹⁰⁰ BL, TT E252(34), A Perfect Diurnall, 11–18 March (London, 1644), 259Google Scholar; BL, TT E270(33), The Scottish Dove, 21–28 February (London, 1645), 556Google Scholar; BL, TT E95(2), The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, 28 March–4 April (London, 1643), 110.Google Scholar

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¹⁰³ Letter of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 1 April 1643, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/27.

¹⁰⁴ Letters of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 3 and 26 April 1643, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/12, 29.

¹⁰⁵ Cholmley, Hugh, “Some Observations and Memorials Touching the Hothams,” in State Papers Collected by Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1767–86), 2:182–83Google Scholar; TNA: HMC, Portland MSS, 29, 13th Report, appendix, pt. 1, vol. 1, and supplement, 707.

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¹⁰⁷ Mendelson, Sara Heller and Crawford, Patricia, Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720 (Oxford, 1998), 403Google Scholar; Hughes, “Men, the ‘Public’ and the ‘Private’ in the English Revolution,” in Lake and Pincus, The Politics of the Public Sphere, 196, 208n.

¹⁰⁸ Tickell, John, History of the Town and County of Kingston-upon-Hull (Hull, 1796), 465–68.Google Scholar

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¹¹³ Cust, “Catholicism, Antiquarianism and Gentry Honour,” 49; Diana, Anna MariaStirling, Wilhelmina, The Hothams: Being the Chronicles of the Hothams of Scorborough and South Dalton from their Hitherto Unpublished Family Papers, 2 vols. (London, 1918), 1:21.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁵ Saltmarshe, Philip, History and Chartulary of the Hothams of Scorborough in the East Riding of Yorkshire, 1100–1700 (York, 1914), 112Google Scholar; Letter of John Hampden to Sir John Hotham, 4 October 1642, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/8.

¹¹⁶ Draft letter concerning John Hotham and the war in Yorkshire, n.d., 1643, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/60.

¹¹⁷ YML, CWT, 1642–43(2), Reasons Why Sir John Hotham, Trusted by the Parliament, Cannot in Honour Agree to the Treaty of Pacification made by some Gentlemen of York-shire at Rothwell, 29 September (London, 1642), 2, 8.Google Scholar

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¹²⁰ Hughes, Ann, “The King, the Parliament, and the Localities during the English Civil War,” Journal of British Studies 24, no. 2 (April 1985): 259–63Google Scholar; Atherton, Ian, “Royalist Finances in the English Civil War: The Case of Lichfield Garrison, 1643–45,” Midland History 33, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 66–67.Google Scholar

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¹²² Newman, The Old Service, 40–41, 121.

¹²³ Prominent examples included in the ODNB are Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, Bussy Mansell, Sir Edward Massey, Sir Trevor Williams, and Henry Mordaunt, second earl of Peterborough.

¹²⁴ Donagan, “The Web of Honour,” 382–83.