Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T05:38:29.871Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Asymmetry in children's comprehension of raising*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2016

JINSUN CHOE*
Affiliation:
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
WILLIAM O'GRADY
Affiliation:
University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa
*
Address for correspondence: Jinsun Choe, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies – Graduate School of Education, 107 Imun-ro Dongdaemungu, Seoul Seoul 130–791, Republic of Korea. e-mail: jinsun@hufs.ac.kr

Abstract

This paper investigates English-speaking children's acquisition of raising constructions (e.g. John seems to Mary to be happy) and finds an asymmetric effect of NP type on their comprehension: an improvement in performance is observed when a lexical NP is raised across a pronominal experiencer (e.g. John seems to her to be happy) compared to when a pronoun is raised across a lexical NP experiencer (e.g. He seems to Mary to be happy). These results are consistent with a processing-based approach to intervention effects, which reduces children's difficulty with raising to a performance limitation, rather than a grammatical deficit.

Type
Brief Research Reports
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

[*]

This work was funded by the NSF Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (BCS-1227232). We would like to thank Kamil Deen, Bonnie D. Schwartz, Shinichiro Fukuda, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments, as well as the audience at the WCCFL (2013) and GALA (2013). All errors remain ours.

References

REFERENCES

Arnon, I. (2010). Rethinking child difficulty: the effect of NP types on children's processing of relative clauses in Hebrew. Journal of Child Language 37(1), 2757.Google Scholar
Avrutin, S. (2000). Comprehension of Wh-questions by children and Broca's aphasics. In Grodzinsky, Y., Shapiro, L. P. & Swinney, D. A. (eds), Language and the brain: representation and processing, 295312. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. (2014). lme4: linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.1-7. Online: <http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4>..>Google Scholar
Becker, M. (2004). Learning verbs that lack argument structure: the case of raising verbs. In van Kampen, J. & Baauw, S. (eds), Proceedings of GALA 2003 (Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition), 115–25. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Becker, M. (2006). There began to be a learnability puzzle. Linguistic Inquiry 37(3), 441–56.Google Scholar
Becker, M. (2007). Animacy, expletives, and the learning of raising-control distinction. In Belikova, A., Meroni, L. & Umeda, M. (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition North America (GALANA), 1220. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Belletti, A., Friedmann, N., Brunato, D. & Rizzi, L. (2012). Does gender make a difference? Comparing the effect of gender on children's comprehension of relative clauses in Hebrew and Italian. Lingua 122, 1053–69.Google Scholar
Borer, H. & Wexler, K. (1987). The maturation of syntax. In Roeper, T. & Williams, E. (eds), Parameter setting, 123–72. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choe, J. (2012). Children seem to know: raising and intervention in child language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa.Google Scholar
Choe, J. & Deen, K. (2015). Children's difficulty with raising: a performance account. Language Acquisition. Online: <doi: 10.1080/10489223·2015·1047097>..' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Choe,+J.+&+Deen,+K.+(2015).+Children's+difficulty+with+raising:+a+performance+account.+Language+Acquisition.+Online:+.>Google Scholar
Crain, S. & McKee, C. (1985). The acquisition of structural restrictions on anaphora. In Berman, S., Choe, J.-W. & McDonough, J. (eds), Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS), 94110. Amherst, MA: GLSA Publications.Google Scholar
Crain, S. & Thornton, R. (1998). Investigations in Universal Grammar: a guide to experiments in the acquisition of syntax and semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
de Vincenzi, M., Arduino, L. S., Ciccarelli, L. & Job, R. (1999). Parsing strategies in children comprehension of interrogative sentences. In Bagnara, S. (ed.), Proceedings of European Conference on Cognitive Science (pp. 301–8). Rome: Istituto di Psicologia del CNR.Google Scholar
Friedmann, N., Belletti, A. & Rizzi, L. (2009). Relativized relatives: types of intervention in the acquisition of A-bar dependencies. Lingua 119, 6788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedmann, N. & Lavi, H. (2006). On the order of acquisition of A-movement, Wh-movement and V-C movement. In Belleti, A., Bennati, E., Chesi, C., Di Domenico, E. & Ferrari, I. (eds), Language acquisition and development, 211–7. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press/CSP.Google Scholar
Gibson, E. (1998). Linguistic complexity: locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition 68(1), 176.Google Scholar
Gibson, E. (2000). The dependency locality theory: a distance-based theory of linguistic complexity. In Miyashita, Y., Marantz, A. & O'Neil, W. (eds), Image, language, brain, 95126. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, P. C., Hendrick, R. & Johnson, M. (2001). Memory interference during language processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 27, 1411–23.Google Scholar
Gordon, P. C., Hendrick, R. & Johnson, M. (2004). Effects of noun phrase type on sentence complexity. Journal of Memory and Language 51, 97114.Google Scholar
Gundel, J., Hedberg, H. & Zacharski, R. (1993). Referring expressions in discourse. Language 69, 274307.Google Scholar
Hirsch, C. (2011). The acquisition of raising. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Hirsch, C., Orfitelli, R. & Wexler, K. (2007). When seem means think: the role of the experiencer-phrase in children's comprehension of raising. In Belikova, A., Meroni, L. & Umeda, M. (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition North America (GALANA), 135–46. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Hirsch, C. & Wexler, K. (2007). The late acquisition of raising: what children seem to think about seem. In Dubinsky, S. & Davies, B. (eds), New horizons in the analysis of control and raising, 3570. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Hyams, N. & Snyder, W. (2005). Young children never smuggle: reflexive clitics and the universal freezing hypothesis. Paper presented at the 30th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (BUCLD), Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Kidd, E., Brandt, S., Lieven, E. & Tomasello, M. (2007). Object relatives made easy: a cross-linguistic comparison of the constraints influencing young children's processing of relative clauses. Language and Cognitive Processes 22, 860–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orfitelli, R. (2012). Argument intervention in the acquisition of A-movement. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Perlmutter, D. M. & Soames, S. (1979). Syntactic argumentation and the structure of English. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Postal, P. (1974). On raising. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
R Core Team. (2014). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Online: <http://www.R-project.org/>..>Google Scholar
Rizzi, L. (1990). Relativized Minimality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rizzi, L. (2004). Locality and left periphery. In Belletti, A. (Ed.), Structure and beyond: the cartography of syntactic structures, vol. 3 (pp. 223–51). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rizzi, L. (2013). Locality. Lingua 130, 169–86.Google Scholar
Snyder, W. & Hyams, N. (2015). Minimality effects in children's passives. In Di Domenico, E., Hamann, C. & Matteini, S. (eds), Structures, strategies and beyond: essays in honour of Adriana Belletti (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 223), 343–68. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, J. A. (2007). Interference effects from grammatically unavailable constituents during sentence processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33(2), 407–30.Google Scholar
Warren, T. & Gibson, E. (2002). The influence of referential processing on sentence complexity. Cognition 85, 79112.Google Scholar
Wexler, K. (2004). Theory of phasal development: perfection in child grammar. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 48, 159209.Google Scholar