Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T23:20:57.708Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

FOREIGN POLICY ALIGNMENT WITH THE WAR ON TERROR: THE CASE OF JAPAN'S FOREIGN AID PROGRAM

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2017

John P. Tuman ,
Jonathan R. Strand  and
Majid Shirali
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Many scholars have suggested that Japan aligned its foreign policy with the US War on Terror. Part of Japan's alignment is said to have involved disbursement of foreign aid to support the US in Afghanistan and Iraq, and with other security interests associated with the War on Terror. To date, however, there has been little empirical study of this question. Employing a data set on Japanese aid to 133 countries between 1995 and 2008, we examine the War on Terror and Japanese ODA. We find that Japanese aid was aligned with some security interests in the War on Terror, but the effects were mixed.

Keywords

Foreign Policy AlignmentUS–Japan RelationsJapanese ODAWar on Terror
Type
Research Notes
Information
Journal of East Asian Studies , Volume 17 , Issue 3 , November 2017 , pp. 343 - 354
Copyright
Copyright © East Asia Institute 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Amakasu Raposo, Pedro. 2013. Japan's Foreign Aid to Africa. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amakasu Raposo, Pedro and Potter, David M.. 2015. “Peace Building and the ‘Human Securitization’ of Japan's Foreign Aid.” In The Securitization of Foreign Aid, edited by Brown, Stephen and Grävingholt, Jörn, 85–112. New York: Palgrave Google Scholar
Anderson, Stephen J. 1993. “Latin America: Japan's Complementary Strategy.” In Japan's Foreign Aid: Power and Policy in a New Era, edited by Koppel, Bruce and Orr, Robert M., 275–288. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Arase, David. 2005. “Introduction.” In Japan's Foreign Aid: Old Continuities and New Directions, edited by Arase, David, 1–20. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ashizawa, Kuniko. 2014. “Japanese Assistance in Afghanistan: Helping the United States, Acting Globally, and Making a Friend.” Asia Policy 17 (1): 59–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel, and Katz, Jonathan N.. 1995. “What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data.” American Political Science Review 89 (3): 634–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel, and Katz, Jonathan N.. 2004. “Time-Series Cross-Section Issues: Dynamics, 2004.” Working Paper, Department of Politics, NYU.Google Scholar
Belasco, Amy. 2009. Troop Levels in the Afghan and Iraq Wars, FY2001–FY2012: Cost and Other Potential Issues. Congressional Research Service, Report R40682, Washington, DC, July 2, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R40682.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2012.Google Scholar
Chan, Steve. 1992. “Humanitarianism, Mercantilism, or Comprehensive Security? Disbursement Patterns of Japanese Foreign Aid.” Asian Affairs 19: 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Development Assistance Committee, OECD. Various years. DAC database. www.oecd.org/scripts/cde/CDE-DAC. Accessed October 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2011. Annual Survey of Freedom Country Scores. www.freedomhouse.org/rankings.pdf. Accessed October 2, 2011.Google Scholar
Global Security. 2007. “Iraq Coalition Troops: Non-US Forces in Iraq,” www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq_orbat_coalition.htm. Accessed October 2, 2011.Google Scholar
Hirata, Keiko. 2008. “Conclusion.” In Norms, Interests, and Power in Japanese Foreign Policy, edited by Sato, Yoichiro and Hirata, Keiko, 235–250. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hook, Steven W. 2015. “Foreign Aid in Comparative Perspective: Regime Dynamics and Donor Interests.” In Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy, edited by Picard, Louis A. and Groelsema, Robert, 86–108. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hook, Steven W. and Zhang, Guang. 2000. “Japan's Aid Policy since the Cold War: Rhetoric and Reality.” Asian Survey 38 (1): 1051–1066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horiuchi, Yuki. 2016. “The Significance of the US War on Terror Policy for the Japan-U.S. Relationship.” E-International Relations. www.e-ir.info/. Accessed April 9, 2016.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John, and Inoguchi, Takashi. 2003. “Introduction.” In Reinventing the Alliance: U.S.–Japan Security Partnership in an Era of Change, edited by Ikenberry, John G. and Inoguchi, Takashi, 1–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Monetary Fund. Various years. Direction of Trade Statistics. Washington, DC: IMF.Google Scholar
International Monetary Fund. Various years. International Financial Statistics Yearbook. Washington, DC: IMF.Google Scholar
Jain, Purnendra. 2015. “Japan's Foreign Aid: Old and New Contests.” Pacific Review Advance access, July 24: 1–23.Google Scholar
Japan International Cooperation Agency. 2010. “Overview of Reconstruction Assistance for Iraq.” April. www.jica.go.jp/iraq/english/activities/index.html. Accessed February 17, 2016.Google Scholar
Japan International Cooperation Agency. 2013. “Overview of JICA Projects in Afghanistan.” June. www.jica.go.jp/afghanistan/english/index.html. Accessed February 17, 2016.Google Scholar
Japan Times . 2002. “Bush Arrives in Tokyo, Keeps Hard Line on ‘Axis’.” February 18. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/02/18/national/bush-arrives-in-tokyo-keeps-hard-line-on-axis/. Accessed June 1, 2016.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. 2004. “America's Empire of Bases.” The Sorrows of Empire. www.commondreams.org/views04/0115-08.htm. Accessed October 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Kisangani, Emizet F., and Pickering, Jeffrey. 2015. “Soldiers and Development Aid: Military intervention and Foreign Aid Flows.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (2): 215–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, Carol. 2015. “Foreign Aid in the Twentieth Century: What Purposes?” In Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Lessons for the Next Half-century, edited by Picard, Louis A. and Groelsema, Robert, 39–60. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Meernik, James, Krueger, Eric L., and Poe, Steven C.. 1998. “Testing Models of U.S. Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid During and After the Cold War.” Journal of Politics 60 (1): 63–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Andrew R. and Dolšak, Nives. 2007. “Issue Linkage in International Environmental Policy: The International Whaling Commission and Japanese Development Aid.” Global Environmental Politics 7 (1): 69–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Government of Japan. 1992. “Japan's Official Development Assistance Charter: June 30, 1992.” www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/summary/1999/ref1.html. Accessed October 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Government of Japan. 2002. “Japan's Measures in Response to the Terrorist Attacks in the United States—Agreement concerning Debt Rescheduling for Pakistan; Senior Officials Meeting on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan.” www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/terro0109/index.html. Accessed October 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Miyagi, Yukiko. 2008. Japan's Middle East Security Policy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
NATO. International Security Assistance Force. 2012. “Troop Numbers and Contributors.” www.isaf.nato.int/troop-numbersand-contributions/index.php. Accessed March 24, 2012.Google Scholar
NATO. 2004. “NATO in Afghanistan: Fact Sheet.” www.nato.int/issues/afghanistan/factsheet.htm. Accessed October 1, 2011.Google Scholar
NATO. 2007. International Security and Assistance Force: Update,” www.nato.int/issues/afghanistan/061004_update.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Neumayer, Eric. 2003. “Do Human Rights Matter in Bilateral Aid Allocation?” Social Science Quarterly 84: 650–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newnham, Randall. 2008. “‘Coalition of the Bribed and Bullied?’ U.S. Economic Linkage and the Iraq War Coalition.” International Studies Perspectives 9: 183–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). 2012. “Member Countries.” www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm. Accessed March 24, 2012.Google Scholar
Orr, Robert M. 1990. The Emergence of Japan's Foreign Aid Power. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osius, Ted. 2002. The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance: Why it Matters and How to Strengthen It. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Prime Minister of Japan, Government of Japan. 2001. “Koizumi shushō naikaku sōridaijin gijiroku,” Shushō Kantei. [Prime Minister Kozumi's speech]. September 19. www.kantei.go.jp/jp/koizumispeech/2001/0919sourikaiken.html. Accessed May 30, 2016.Google Scholar
Reveron, Derek S., Gvosdev, Nikolas K., and Owens, Mackubin Thomas. 2014. U.S. Foreign Policy and Defense Strategy. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Sato, Yoichiro, and Asano, Masahiko. 2008. “Humanitarianism and Democratic Norms in Japan's ODA Distributions.” In Norms, Interests, and Power in Japanese Foreign Policy, edited by Sato, Yoichiro and Hirata, Keiko, 111–127. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shinoda, Tomohito. 2007. Koizumi Diplomacy: Japan's Kantei Approach to Foreign and Defense Affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Sheila A. 2003. “Beyond the Post-Cold War? U.S.–Japan Alliance and the Future of Asian Pacific Security.” In Reinventing the Alliance: U.S.–Japan Security Partnership in an Era of Change, edited by Ikenberry, John G. and Inoguchi, Takashi, 117–140. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soderberg, Marie. 2016. “Global Change: Japan's Role in the Making of New Aid Architecture.” In Japanese Development Cooperation, edited by Asplund, André and Soderberg, Marie, 1–18. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stallings, Barbara, and Kim, Eun Mee. 2016. “Japan, Korea, China: Styles of ODA in East Asia,” in Japan's Development Assistance, edited by Shimomura, Yasutami, Page, John, and Kato, Hiroshi, 120–134. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Stimson, James. 1985. “Regression in Time and Space: A Statistical Essay,” American Journal of Political Science 29 (4): 914–947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strand, Jonathan R., and Tuman, John P.. 2012. “Foreign Aid and Voting Behavior in an International Organization: The Case of Japan and the International Whaling Commission.” Foreign Policy Analysis 8 (4): 409–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tago, Atsushi. 2008. “Is There an Aid-for-Participation Deal? US Economic and Military Aid Policy to Coalition Forces (Non) Participants.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8: 379–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuman, John P., Strand, Jonathan R., and Emmert, Craig F.. 2009. “The Disbursement Pattern of Japanese Foreign Aid: A Reappraisal. Journal of East Asian Studies 9 (2): 219–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuman, John P., and Ayoub, Ayoub S.. 2004. “The Determinants of Japanese Official Development Assistance in Africa: A Pooled Time Series Analysis.” International Interactions 30 (1): 43–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuke, Victoria. 2013. “Japan's Crucial Role in Afghanistan.” Asia Pacific Bulletin 206 (April 10): 1–2.Google Scholar
Uchiyama, Yu. 2010. Koizumi and Japanese Politics: Reform Strategies and Leadership Style. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Command, US Central. 2012. “Coalition Countries.” www.centcom.mil/en/countries/coalition/. Accessed March 24, 2012.Google Scholar
US Department of Defense, Washington Headquarter Service, Directorate for Information Operations and Report. Various years. Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and By Country. http://web1.whs.osd.mil/mmid/military/history. Accessed March 24, 2012.Google Scholar
US Department of State. 1985–2002. Patterns of Global Terrorism Reports. www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt. Accessed March 22, 2012.Google Scholar
US Department of State. 2001–2010. Country Reports on Terrorism. www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/. Accessed March 24, 2012.Google Scholar
US–Iraq ProCon. 2007. “Summary of Coalition Forces in Iraq.” www.usiraqprocon.org/pop/coalitionmembers.html. Accessed October 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Vreeland, James R., and Dreher, Axel. 2014. The Political Economy of the United Nations Security Council. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakabayashi, Hideki. 2008. The U.S.–Japan Alliance: A New Framework for Enhanced Global Security. Washington, DC: CSIS Press.Google Scholar
Watson, Alexander F. 1996. “The United States and Japan: Mutual Interests and Cooperation in Latin America.” U.S. Department of State Dispatch 7: 62–65.Google Scholar
Woodward, Peter. 2006. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Horn of Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
World Bank. Various years. World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org. Accessed October 2, 2011.Google Scholar
Yasutomo, Dennis T. 1989/1990. “Why Aid? Japan as an ‘Aid Great Power’.” Pacific Affairs 62: 490–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar