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Western Imperialism and Defensive Underdevelopment of Property Rights Institutions in Siam

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2016

Abstract

Thailand and Japan both faced the threat of colonialism in the latter half of the nineteenth century. While geopolitical vulnerabilities provided Japan with a critical impetus for defensive modernization, they compelled the Siamese state to pursue a strategy of defensive underdevelopment. To understand this paradox, the article explores how variations in the “unequal treaties” imposed on Japan and Siam by Western powers shaped state interests in a policy area of vital importance to the two countries' predominantly agricultural economies: the rural land rights regime.

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Copyright © East Asia Institute 

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References

Notes

Earlier versions of this article were presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA) and at the Political Economy Research Colloquium of the Department of Government, Cornell University. Helpful comments from Martin Dimitrov, Jing Tao, and two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. Charles Mehl and Tongroj Onchan of the Mekong Environment and Resource Institute helped facilitate field research in Thailand. The Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson Foundation in Stockholm and the Southeast Asia and International Political Economy programs of Cornell University provided financial support.Google Scholar

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35. According to one popular mode of explanation, proposals for irrigation schemes and many other developmental programs for the agricultural sector failed to be adopted because they threatened—or failed to serve—narrowly conceived elite interests. According to Feeny, property rights modernization was one of the policy areas where elite interests, narrowly conceived, happened to coincide with broader societal interests. See Feeny, , Political Economy of Productivity, ch. 5; Holm, David F., “Thailand's Railways and Informal Imperialism.” In Davis, Clarence B. and Wilburn, Kenneth E. Jr., eds., Railway Imperialism (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), p. 132.Google Scholar

36. The Bowring treaty became a model for subsequent treaties with foreign powers, including the United States and France (1856), the Netherlands (1860), Prussia (1862), and Japan (1898). See Ingram, James C., Economic Change in Thailand, 1850–1970 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971), p. 35.Google Scholar

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40. In fact, most of the “land” taxes were conceived of as taxes on trees. The tax assessment was to a large extent based on the number and size of fruit trees that grew on any particular plot of land. As for annual crops such as rice, the tax rate depended on the class of land it belonged to.Google Scholar

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