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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2011
Between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries the Church of England and the Nordic Churches had by no means uncommon contacts, which extended, on at least one occasion, in the correspondence between the Reverend Edward Lye and Carl Jasper Benzelius, to matters specifically ecumenical. From the Restoration period there was a Scandinavian presence in London, which was graced with a remarkable degree of religious freedom virtually amounting to ‘most favoured nation’ treatment, and the contemporaneous English commercial colonies at Elsinor and Gothenburg enabled some members, at least, of the Anglican Church to observe their Scandinavian counterparts in their native habitat. Yet, notwithstanding these apparent advantages, Anglicans, on the whole, remained more ignorant of the Episcopal Churches of Northern Europe than of the Dutch, French and Swiss Reformed Churches, and the one cross-influence which there was in this period, through bishop Jacob Serenius of Strängäs, was apparently so superficial that nothing of significance could be built upon it. Part of the reason was, no doubt, that Scandinavia and Iceland were outside the normal itinerary of the Grand Tour and also outside the main channels of eighteenth-century British diplomacy. This being so, the peculiar external characteristics of Lutheranism, particularly its northerly variety, were likely to baffle and deter those rare Englishmen who came face to face with it.
page 341 note 1 Cf. Benzelius to Lye, 19 October 1745: ‘Eadem occasione nisi opusculum de Joh: Duras Scoto-Britanno, que Superiori seculo vixit, adq. nostras pervenit regiones ut Ecclesiam Anglicanam Suecana conjungeret. Tue lectione dignum judicaveris, gratum mihi erit’: British Museum, Add. MS. 32,325, fol. 76d.
page 341 note 2 For the Swedish Church in London see Evander, Sven, London Svenskarnas Kyrka, Lund 1961Google Scholar; for the Danish Church see Harald Faber, Danske og Norske i London, Copenhagen n.d.
page 341 note 3 For the English congregation in Göteborg, see Townsend, G. and Adams, H. J., History of the English Congregation and its Association with the British Factory, Gothenburg, Göteborg 1946Google Scholar.
page 341 note 4 For the unreality of Serenius's so-called confirmation rite and its Anglican derivation, see Hagberg, Lars, Jacob Serenius' Kyrkliga Insats, Lund 1952, 435–6.Google Scholar
page 342 note 1 Diary, 30 July 1826: B.M. Add. MS.32,443, fol. 17. For Maton, see Dictionary of National Biography
page 342 note 2 ‘A Tour in Germany’, 9 October 1825: B.M. Add. MS. 41,774, fol. 41.
page 342 note 3 Thus Sir C. W. Pasley in 1806. Cf. B.M. Add. MS. 41,975, esp. fol. 19.
page 342 note 4 It is amusing to see how Colonel Charles Rainsford, aide-de-camp to the Duke of Gloucester in 1769, changed a diary reference to a ‘convent for ladies’ into the neutral ‘chapter’, apparently at the behest of the duke's chaplain, Dr. Duval. Cf., B.M. Add. MS. 23,648, fol. 46.
page 342 note 5 I base this inference on the notes at the back of the journal. Cf. Add. MS. 31,048. A more typical picture of the Icelandic Church is that afforded by the compilation Lambeth and the Vatican, London 1825, iii. 189–90.
page 342 note 6 Robinson, John, An Account of Sueden, as it was in … 1688, London 1694Google Scholar; Molesworth, Robert Viscount, An Account of Denmark as it was in the year 1692, London 1694Google Scholar. For an account of Robinson's book, see Hatton, R. M., ‘John Robinson and the Account of Sueden’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, xxviii (1955), 128–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 342 note 7 2 vols., London 1705, revised and enlarged, 1744–8, revised and enlarged by J. Campbell, 1764
page 343 note 1 Op. cit., London 1784, ii. 552–3.
page 343 note 2 Cf. SirBurton, Richard, Ultima Thule; or a Summer in Iceland. With historical introduction, maps, and illustrations, London 1875, i. 239Google Scholar.
page 343 note 3 Edinburgh 1818, lviii-lix.
page 343 note 4 Cf. Hugh Elliott to the Marquess of Carmarthen, 6 April 1784: Public Record Office, F.O. 22/6; Münter to bishop Howley of London, 3 May 1817: Fidham Papers (S.P.G.), iv. 921.
page 343 note 5 Cf. Feldborg, A. Andersen, Denmark Delineated, Edinburgh 1824, ii.Google Scholar
page 344 note 1 Cf. Hooker, William Jackson F.R.S., Journal of a Tour in Iceland in the Summer of 1909, London, 2nd ed. 1813, i. lxiii–lxix.Google Scholar
page 344 note 2 Harris, Navigantium, 1744–8 edition, ii (1748), 498.
page 344 note 3 Cf. Burgon, J. W., The Lives of Twelve Good Men, London 1888, i. 33Google Scholar. For Routh, see Middleton, R. D., Magdalen Studies, Oxford 1936Google Scholar, and Middleton, R. D., Dr. Routh, Oxford 1938.Google Scholar
page 344 note 4 Andersen, R., Den Danske Kirke og Episkopalkirken, New York 1920, 131Google Scholar. Balle was bishop of Zealand and, as such, senior Danish bishop, based on the capital, Copenhagen.
page 344 note 5 Letters patent to the bishop of Zealand and the High Bailiff, transcript in Fulham Papers (S.P.G.), iv. 883–5. The Danes always assumed a more inclusive establishment in England than actually existed, presumably because their own was so inclusive.
page 345 note 1 Jarvis, A. C., Some Account of the English Episcopal Church in Denmark, Copenhagen 1934, 32–4Google Scholar; Münter to Howley, 21 August 1815: Fulham Papers (S.P.G.), iv. 887–92; Rasmussen, A., ‘Frederik Münter, Hans Levned og personlighed’, in Frederik Münter. Et Mindeskrift, Copenhagen 1925, i. iGoogle Scholar, cited by Cnattingius, Hans, Bishops and Societies: a Study of Anglican Colonial and Missionary Expansion, 1698–1850, London 1952, 128Google Scholar.
page 345 note 2 Dictionary of National Biography; Rev. G. Sawyer to bishop Howley, 31 August 1817: Fulham Papers (S.P.G.), iv. 324.
page 345 note 3 Cf. Fulham Papers (S.P.G.), iv. 895.
page 345 note 4 Howley to Foster (ambassador at Copenhagen), 24 October 1815 (copy): Fulham Papers (S.P.G.), iv. 901–2; Howley to Münter, 7 October 1816: Royal Library Copenhagen MS. 1698 (hereinafter referred to as Kgl. Sml. 1968), 1444.
page 345 note 5 Howley to Münter, 23 January 1827: Kgl. Sml. 1698, 1447; Howley to Münter, 7 October 1816, 31 January 1819: Kgl. Sml. 1698, 1444–5.
page 346 note 1 Münter to Howley, 1 January 1817: Fulham Papers (S.P.G.), iv. 917.
page 346 note 2 Münter to Howley, 18 August 1820: Fulham Papers (S.P.G.), iv. 965–8.
page 346 note 3 For the general ecclesiological problems posed for Anglicanism by its offshoot in the Danish West Indies, see the present writer's ‘Note on Anglicanism in the Danish West Indies’, Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church, xxxvii (1968), 67–72Google Scholar.
page 346 note 4 Howley to Miinter, 7 October 1816, 31 January 1819: Kgl. Sml. 1698, 1444–5.
page 347 note 1 Andersen, op. cit., 173; Howley to Münter, 31 July 1820: Kgl. Sml. 1698, 1446. Norman Sykes attributes Howley's decision to the influence of Joshua Watson (Old Priest and New Presbyter, 160–1). In view of Watson's connexion with the circle of Rose and Routh this seems extremely unlikely, but since Watson was something of a disciple of Daubeny and Daubeny thought that both the Churches of Denmark and Sweden were part of the Catholic Church, Sykes may be right. Cf. Charles Daubeny, Appendix to the Guide to the Church (1799), i. 129–30; Mason, A. J., The Church of England and Episcopacy, Cambridge 1914, 421Google Scholar.
page 347 note 2 Howley to Münter, 13 October 1828: Kgl. Sml. 1698, 1448.
page 347 note 3 Cited in the Christian Sentinel (Canada), for March-April, 1829.
page 347 note 4 Rose, , The State of Protestantism in Germany Described, 2nd ed., London 1825, 174Google Scholar. Rose corresponded with Münter but how much is not clear. Cf. Howley to Münter, 13 October 1828: Kgl. Sml. 1698, 1448.
page 347 note 5 Howley to Münter, 23 January 1827: Kgl. Sml. 1698, 1447; A. J. Mason, The Church of England and Episcopacy, 435–6; Andersen, op. cit., 173, citing a Danish life of Haubroe.
page 348 note 1 Theophilus Blumhardt to Josiah Pratt, 19 December 1825: ‘Missionary Letters from Abroad’, 12, C.M.S., MSS.
page 348 note 2 Cf. Blumhardt to Dandeson Coates, 29 December 1833 and 17 March 1834: ibid.
page 348 note 3 For the whole issue of C.M.S's attitude to Lutheran orders see the present writer's article ‘Church Principles in the early years of the Church Missionary Society: the Problem of the “German” Missionaries’, in Journal of Theological Studies, N.S. xx. (1969), 523–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 348 note 4 Howley to Münter, 13 October 1828: Kgl. Sml. 1698, 1448.
page 348 note 5 Bremner, Robert, Excursions in Norway, Denmark and Sweden, London 1840, i. 209–11Google Scholar; Colonial Church Chronicle, ccxxiii (1866), 146Google Scholar, citing a Russian Orthodox contributor to the Brussels journal, Nord; ibid., 1871, 226–7. Brook's reference was presumably to Article xxiii, ‘Of Ministering in the Congregation’, which was appropriately of Lutheran provenance but was originally aimed against the Anabaptists rather than the Papists, and was therefore not necessarily appropriate to the question of whether the Church of Denmark had the ‘Apostolic Succession’, or a lawful ministry of some other kind.
page 349 note 1 Cf. Harold Faber, Danske og Norske i London, 167–9. There are some letters of Mansell's in the Royal Library, Copenhagen.
page 349 note 2 Peter Brown to Wade, 14 June 1833; E. C. Brown to Wade, 18 January 1842; ‘J.M.’ to Wade, 26 March 1833: ‘Wade Papers’, Pusey House, Oxford. For the Grundtvig-Clausen debate, see Allen, E. L., Bishop Grundtvig: a Prophet of the North, London 1949, 56–7.Google Scholar
page 350 note 1 Lindhardt, P. G., Grundtvig: an Introduction, London 1950, 35–6, 40–1, 43, 50, 57, 66, 71, 78Google Scholar; Scott to Grundtvig, 14 July 1845; Earle to Grundtvig, 29 March 1849 and 15 April 1850: Kgl. Sml., Grundtvig Archives, fsc. 448.
page 350 note 2 Keble, John, Sermons Academical and Occasional, 2nd ed., Oxford 1848, 369–70Google Scholar; Palmer, , Treatise on the Church of Christ, London 1842, i. passim.Google Scholar
page 350 note 3 Toldberg, Helge, ‘Nugent Wade i Helsingor’, in Grundtvig Studier 1947, Copenhagen 1948, 54Google Scholar; Pusey to Hammerich, 7 November 1838, in Kirkehistorie Samlinger, vi. 6 (1948–1950), 277; Lindhardt, Grundtvig, 50 n.4, 57, 66, 70.
page 350 note 4 Neale to the Rev. Benjamin Webb, 2 June 1852, in The Letters of John Mason Neale, D.D., ed. Lawson, M. S., London 1910, 191–2.Google Scholar
page 351 note 1 American Quarterly Church Review, xv (1863–4), 681Google Scholar; Colonial Church Chronicle, March 1866. Professor Magnus Mar Larussen is inclined to suspect that Gudbrandur Vigfusson, the Icelandic scolar then living in England, was behind the Anglican efforts, urging them on for his own political purposes. It is likely that he translated into Icelandic the original letter on the subject of the consecration of bishop Helgi Thordersen's successor. But all this must remain conjecture until evidence is found in the Vigfusson MSS. in the Bodleian Library. I have been unable to make use of these MSS. for the present study.
page 352 note 1 F. S. May to Dr. C. H. Kalkar, 24 June, 1865: Kgl. Sml., 2426, 385.
page 353 note 1 Martensen, H., Christian Dogmatics: a Compendium of the Doctrines of Christianity, translated by the Rev. Urwick, William, Edinburgh 1866, 348, 446–7.Google Scholar
page 353 note 2 The dioceses of Skallholt and Holum which had been combined into the diocese of Iceland at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
page 354 note 1 May to Helgi Thordersen, 4 April 1864, cited in Helgi Thordersen to May, 12 September 1864: Episcopal Archives Copybook Bps. C III, 44, 347–51, Icelandic State Archives.
page 354 note 2 Letter dated 8 July 1865, Sign. Bps. C V, 10; cf. Kirkeministeriet Copibog, 1865, nr. 481, Danish State Archives.
page 355 note 1 Helgi Thordersen to Hilmar Finsen, 5 September 1865: Copybook Bps, C III, 45, 85–9.
page 355 note 2 Andersen, op. cit., 212–13; Thorvaldur Thoroddsen, Asvisaga Pjeturs Pjeturssonar, Reykjavik 1908, 156–9. The bishop had not long to live. He died on 4 December 1867.
page 355 note 3 Andersen, op. cit., Thoroddsen, op. cit.; Jón Sigurdsson to Thórdur Jónassen, 17 July 1866: Icelandic State Archives. I am indebted for the comment on Thoroddsen's book to Professor Magnus Mar Larussen.
page 355 note 4 Colonial Church Chronicle, ccxxiii (1866), 8 ff.; ibid., 142–3; Andersen, 209; Church Quarterly Review, xxxii (1891), 186–7Google Scholar; Hood, J. F. C., Icelandic Church Saga, London 1946, 216Google Scholar.
page 355 note 5 I am grateful to Bishop Sigurbjorn Einarsson of Iceland and Professor Magnus Mar Larussen of Hafnarfjorður for help in microfilming Icelandic material; also to Dr. Helge Toldberg for help in microfilming Danish material.