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The Authorities and Early Restoration Quakerism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

Barry Reay
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Extract

The Restoration was a victory for the governing classes, a victory for social stability and discipline. Dissent, the gentry argued, led to republicanism and social disintegration: Anglicanism and the monarchy meant order. Yet despite the ease with which Charles it returned in 1660 and the relative lack of bloodshed which accompanied his restoration, it was by no means certain that the settlement would be anything more than transitory. God, in his infinite and impenetrable

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The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , January 1983 , pp. 69 - 84
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

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References

1 Kennett, W., A Register and Chronicle, London 1728, 582Google Scholar.

2 For short general accounts of early Quaker radicalism, see Cole, A., ‘The Quakers and the English Revolution’, in Aston, T. (ed.), Crisis in Europe 1560–1660. London 1970, 341–58Google Scholar; Hill, C., The World Turned Upside Down, London 1972Google Scholar, ch. 10.

3 For example, Green, I. M., The Re-establishment of the Church of England 1660–1663, Oxford 1978Google Scholar; Jones, J. R. (ed.), The Restored Monarchy 1660–1688, London 1979CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Charges to the Grand Jury at Quarter Sessions 1660–1677, ed. Halcrow, E. M. (Chetham Soc, 3rd ser., v, 1953), 46Google Scholar.

5 See Reay, B., ‘The Quakers, 1659, and the restoration of the monarchy’, History, lxiii (1978), 193–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The quotation comes from Philadelphia, T., Exceptions Many and Just, Oxford 1653, 22Google Scholar.

6 For the peace testimony and plots, see The Somersetshire Quarterly Meeting of the Society of Friends 1668–1699, ed. S. C. Morland (Somerset Rec. Soc, lxxv, 1978), 36–9; Reay, B., ‘Early Quaker activity and reactions to it, 1652–1664’ (Univ. of Oxford D.Phil, thesis 1979), 176–88Google Scholar. For tithes, see Reay, B., ‘Quaker opposition to tithes 1652–1660’, Past and Present, lxxxvi (1980), 115Google Scholar.

7 Somerset Record Office (hereafter cited as S.R.O.), DD/SFR 8/1 (Somerset Quarterly Meeting Sufferings 1656–72), pt ii, fo. 2; G. Fox the younger, A Noble Salutation, London 1660, 13; Friends’ House Library, London (hereafter cited as F.H.L.), Swarthmore MS i. 321.

8 Blome, R., The Fanatick History, London 1660Google Scholar, sig. A2V.

9 Journals of the House of Lords, xi. 127, 128, 153, 154; Besse, J., A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, London 1753Google Scholar, i. 195; Public Record Office (hereafter cited as P.R.O.), PC 2/55 (Privy Council Register), 44.

10 Thirsk, J., The Restoration, London 1976, 39–40Google Scholar.

11 Western, J. R., The English Militia, London 1965, 11Google Scholar.

12 Besse, Collection, i. 167–8; F.H.L., MS ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, i. 19, 424; F.H.L., MS Portfolio i. 48; Hampshire Record Office, 24M 54/15 (Hampshire General Meeting Sufferings), fos 6v ff.

13 ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, ii. Wales, 6.

14 Goodaire, T., A True Relation, London 1660Google Scholar, passim; ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, ii. Wales, 6, 16; Swarthmore MSS i. 172, iii. 146; Besse, Collection, i. 102, 167–8, 173–4, ii. 61; The Correspondence of Bishop Brian Duppa and Sir Justinian Isham, ed. Sir G. Isham (Northants. Rec. Soc, xvii, 1951), 186.

15 P.R.O., SP 29/19/18 (State Papers); Journals of House of Commons, viii. 39, 168; Besse, Collection, i. 195; Cheshire Record Office (hereafter cited as C.R.O.), QJB/11a (Quarter Sessions Indictments and Presentments 1660–9), fo- 8v; ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, i. 560.

16 Pagitt, E., Heresiography, 6th edn, London 1662, 288Google Scholar.

17 Mercurius Publicus, 4 (24–31 Jan. 1660/1), 62–3.

18 Mercurius Publicus, 2 (10–17 Jan. 1660/1), 31; 3 (17–24 Jan. 1660/1), 48.

19 Swarthmore MS iv. 195. By the end of the seventeenth century German pamphlets were referring to the rebel leader Thomas Venner as head of the Quakers and describing the rising as a Quaker rebellion: Historia Fanaticorum, Frankfurt 1701, illustrations between pp. 70 and 71.

20 Dorset Record Office, P155/CW 130 (Sherborne Churchwardens’ Accounts, 1661). I owe this reference to the Senior Assistant Archivist.

21 ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, i. 82, 415–16, 542–3, ii. Yorks, 34; S.R.O., DD/SFR 8/1, pt ii, fos 2–6; Swarthmore MS i. 324; R. Wastfield et al. For the King, n.p. [1661].

22 For the numbers imprisoned see Wastfield et al., op. cit.; ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, i, ii; Besse, Collection, i, ii.

23 P.R.O., PC 2/55, pp. 108, 113, 152; S.R.O., DD/SFR 8/1, pt ii, fo. 7v.

24 The History of the Life of Thomas Ellwood, London 1714, 101Google Scholar.

25 F.H.L., MS Portfolio i. 20.

26 Green, I. M., ‘The process of the re-establishment of the Church of England 1660–1663’ (Univ. of Oxford D.Phil, thesis 1973)Google Scholar, ch. 9, csp. 409–10, 418–19.

27 Journals of House of Commons, viii. 252, 273, 285, 299, 303, 305, 353, 355, 376, 417; Journals of House of Lords, xi. 316, 338, 340, 353, 372, 388, 389, 390, 395, 397, 431, 443; F.H.L., MS Portfolio i. 21; Kennett, Register and Chronicle, 641.

28 14 Car. 11 c. 1: ‘Act for preventing the Mischiefs and Dangers that may arise by certain Persons called Quakers and others refusing to take lawful Oaths’.

29 For the Baptists (in Reading), see Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 81, fos 182–3.

30 The scare was mainly confined to London, though the Quakers reported a state of alarm in Cornwall. Monthly Intelligence, n.p. 1662, passim; A Brief Relation, London 1662Google ScholarPubMed, passim; Diary of Samuel Pepys, eds Latham, R. and Matthews, W. (London 1970)Google Scholar, iii. 165, 236, 245; Life of Thomas Ellwood, 137ff; Swarthmore MSS i. 44, iii. 182; F.H.L., Charles Lloyd MS, p. 21.

31 P.R.O., SP 29/84/28.

32 Reay, ‘Early Quaker activity’, 182–8.

33 P.R.O., SP 29/85/85, 90/100, 92/12, 95/2; Kendal Record Office (hereafter cited as K.R.O.),’ Appleby Indictment Book 1661–85’, Hilary 1663; ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, ii. Westmorland, 2–3; F.H.L., A. R. Barclay MS 92; P.R.O., PL 26/19/5, 6 (Palatine of Lancaster Assize Indictments 1660–4), g ao’ calendars.

34 Corporation of London Record Office (hereafter cited as C.L.R.O.), “Sessions Minute Book’, vol. 3, Aug. 1662; C.L.R.O., ‘Sessions File’, June 1662.

35 P.R.O., Assi. 2/1 (Assizes, Oxford Circuit Gaol Book 1656–78), fos 78, 80, 81v, 99v; P.R.O., Chester 24/133/2, 134/1, 3, 4 (Cheshire Assize Rolls).

36 Brief Relation, 13, 19.

37 C.R.O., QJB/10a (Quarter Sessions Indictments and Presentments 1654–62), July 1662; C.R.O., QJF 90/4/3, 96, 91/1/110, 91/3/15, 22, 23, 33 (Quarter Sessions Files 1662–3); Lancashire Record Office (hereafter cited as L.R.O.), QSP 253/2 (Quarter Sessions Petitions); K.R.O., ‘Kendal Indictment Book 1655–68’, 16 Jan. Chas 11.9 Oct., 15 Jan. 15 Chas 11, 2 April 16 Chas ii; K.R.O., ‘Applcby Indictment Book 1661–85’, Mich. 1662, Hilary 1663, Easter 1664; Wiltshire Record Office (hereafter cited as W.R.O.), Quarter Sessions Great Rolls, Trinity 1662/101, Mich. 1662/182. Hilary 1662/196, Trinity 1663/141, Easter 1664/156; S.R.O., DD/SFR 8/1, pt ii, fos 12–19V; Middlesex Courtly Records, ed. J. C. Jeaffreson (Middlesex County Rec. Soc, 1888), iii. 322; Greater London Record Office (hereafter cited as G.L.R.O.), MF/SBB/197 (Middlesex Sessions Book, May 1662), 29, 30, 33; G.L.R.O., MJ/SBB/199 (Middlesex Sessions Book, July 1662), 31; G.L.R.O., MJ/GBR/6 (Middlesex Gaol Delivery Registers 1656–72), fos 146V, 148V-149V, 151V; Norfolk Record Office (hereafter cited as N.R.O.), ‘Norwich Quarter Sessions Indictment Files 1654–64’, Vol. 74/36; N.R.O., ‘Quarter Sessions Minute Book 1654–70’, March 1663/4; Essex Record Office (hereafter cited as E.R.O.), Q/S R 394/126, 128; Kent Archives Office (hereafter cited as K.A.O.), Q/SMC (Quarter Sessions Calendars 1626–74), August 1663; K.A.O., Q/SB 9/7–11 (Quarter Sessions Papers); East Sussex Record Office (hereafter cited as E.S.R.O.), QO/EW4 (Quarter Sessions Order Book 1660–64), fos 53, 53V, 57V; E.S.R.O., QI/EW3 (Quarter Sessions Indictment Book 1662–69), fos 16v– 17; Hertfordshire County Records: Sessions Rooks 1658–1700, ed. Hardy, W. Le (Hertford 1930), 67–8Google Scholar.

38 For these and other statutes mentioned in this article sec Miller, J., Popery and Politics in England 1660–1688, Cambridge 1973CrossRefGoogle Scholar, ch. 3; Statutes of the Realm, iv (1547–85), 356–7, 451–2, 657–8, iv (1586–1623), 771, 841, 1073–4, 1162–3, v (1625–80), 350–1.

39 London Sessions Records 1605–1685 (Publications of the Catholic Rec. Soc, xxxiv, 1934), 154–5; N.R.O. ‘Norwich Quarter Sessions Indictment Files’, Vol. 72/7, 16; N.R.O., ‘ Norwich Quarter Sessions Minute Book’, Dec. 1662; Hertfordshire Sessions Books 1658–1700, 72, 94, 100–1; S.R.O., DD/SFR 8/1, pt ii, fos 11–20v; W.R.O., ‘Quarter Sessions Great Rolls’, Easter 1661/186, Hilary 1662/196, Mich. 1664/179; E.S.R.O., SOF 5/3 (Sussex Q.M. Horsham Gaol Register 1664–84), no pagination; E.S.R.O., QO/EVV5 (Quarter Sessions Order Book 1664–70), fo. 13; Devon Record Office,’ Quarter Sessions Order Book 1661–70’, 1663, 1664, 1667; Kingdoms Intelligencer, 32 (4–11 Aug. 1662), p. 529, 34 (17–24 Aug. 1663), p. 545; Swarthmore MS iv. 179; ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, ii. Oxford, 11 (for Warwickshire); Besse, Collection, i. 129, 243, 492, ii. 106, 108–9. My calculation of eighty is based upon the two volumes of Besse, op. cit., supplemented by the sources above.

40 See Extracts from State Papers, ed. Penney, N., London 1913, 351–4Google Scholar.

41 For suggestions that some Quakers conformed, see Kingdoms Intelligencer, 34 (17–24 Aug. 1663), 545; K.R.O., WD/Ry (Rydal Papers or Fleming MSS), BOX 31, unfoliated, 15 Jan. 1663/4; P.R.O., P C 2/55, pp. 174–5; Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson C948 (Justice's Notes 1660–7) [back of book], p. 5.

42 E.S.R.O., SOF 5/3, no pagination; Besse, Collection, i. 129, ii. 106; Extracts from Stale Papers, 232–3.

43 Williams, J. A., Catholic Recusancy in Wiltshire 1660–1791 (Catholic Rec. Soc, 1968)Google Scholar, appendix F; E.R.O., Q/SR (Quarter Sessions Rolls) 385/25, 391/6, 392/10, 394/11, 395/11, 396/11, 399/8, 10; Hertfordshire Sessions Books 1658–1700, 44–6, et seq.; L.R.O., QSP 245/23, 24, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38; and notes 44 and 46 below.

44 See the regional variation in the Quakers’ later calculations of the numbers of the sect convicted as recusants: Bodleian Library, MS Eng. Misc. b.1 (R).

45 Dr Miller has shown that in Norfolk in 1664 42 Quakers were convicted of recusancy and only 38 Papists. My own calculations of Cheshire presentments for recusancy during the period 1662–5 have revealed results not unlike Miller's Norfolk figures: 292 Papists, 203 Quakers and 42 others. See Miller, Popery and Politics, 267; P.R.O., Chester 24/133/2, 134/1, 2,4, 135/1.

46 Catholic Rec. Soc, vi (1909), pt iii, 85–6, 289–95, 298–302. These were the only counties for which I bothered to identify Quakers, but we can assume that they were being prosecuted in other counties too.

47 ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, i. 116: Cambridgeshire Quakers had stock distrained to pay £20 fines for recusancy.

48 Friends’ Meeting House, York, MS 36 (York Quarterly Meeting Sufferings 1651–95), p. 2.

49 Miller, Popery and Politics, 59; Friends’ Meeting House, Kendal, MS 51d (Westmorland Quarterly Meeting Sufferings), fos 181–181v; Minutes of Proceedings in Quarter Sessions... 1674–1695, ed. Peyton, S. A. (Lincoln Rec. Soc, xxv, 1931), p. cxxiiiGoogle Scholar; Quarter Sessions Records, ed. Atkinson, J. C. (North Riding Rec. Soc, 1889), vii. 69Google Scholar; Williams, Catholic Recusancy in Wiltshire, 85–6.

50 E.S.R.O., QI/EW3, fos 36V, et seq.

51 ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, i. 193–5, ii, Yorks, 25; S.R.O., DD/SFR 8/1, pt i, fos 42–8.

52 My calculations for Essex arc based on E.R.O., D/ACA/55; E.R.O., D/AMV/1–2; E.R.O., D/ABA/10; E.R.O., D/AEA/43 (Visitations/Acts 1662–5). For the other counties see Besse, Collection, i. 139; ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, ii. Warwicks. 4; S.R.O., DD/SFR 8/1, pt i, fos 46–46V: S.R.O., D/D/Ca 335; S.R.O., D/D/Ca 338; S.R.O., D/D/Ca 339 (Visitation Presentments); L.R.O., QSP 253/2; The First Minute Book of the Gainsborough Monthly Meeting of the Society of Friends, ed. Brace, H. W. (Lines. Rec. Soc, xliv, 1951)Google Scholar, iii. appendix ii, 137ff, 144ff; Irvine, W. F., ‘Extracts from the Bishop of Chester's visitation, 1665’, Journal of the Friends’ Historical Society (herafter cited as J. F. H. S.), ii (1905), 97–100Google Scholar, 137–8, iii (1906), 28–30; Turner, G. Lyon, ‘Presentations in episcopal visitations’, J.F.H.S., xiii (1916), 20–2Google Scholar, 64–5, xiv (1917), 105–7, et seq.; Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, York, V. 1662–3/CB2 (Diocese of Chester Court Book); Bishop Fell and Nonconformity, ed. Clapinson, M. (Oxfordshire Rec. Soc, Iii, 1980)Google Scholar, passim.

53 ‘Great Book of Sufferings’, i. 458.

54 Society of Friends Historical Library, Dublin, MS G. 19 (Mountmellick Monthly Meeting Sufferings), p. 2.

55 Richards, T., Wales Under the Penal Code, London 1925, xyt33Google Scholar; Miller, Popery and Politics, 52; Williams, Catholic Recusancy in Wiltshire, 71.

56 P.R.O., Chester 24/134/3, 4. My calculation of eighty is once again based on Besse, Collection.

57 Sec E.R.O., D/AMV/i (Archdeaconry of Middlesex Acts/Visitations 1662–3), fos 48v, 56v; Kingdoms Intelligencer, 19 (12–19 May 1662), pp. 318–19, 27 (30 June-7 July 1662), p. 423.

58 Bodleian Library, Ms Add. C. 305 (Sheldon Papers), fo. 68.

59 Hull, F., ‘More Essex Friends of the Restoration period’, Essex Review, lvii (1948), 61Google Scholar, 62.

60 Cockburn, J. S., A History of English Assizes 1558–1714, Cambridge 1972, 247–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Havighurst, A. F., ‘The judiciary and politics in the reign of Charles 11’, Laic Quarterly Review, lxvi (1950), 71–2Google Scholar; Horle, C., ‘Judicial encounters with Quakers 1660–1688’, J.F.H.S., liv (1977), 85–100Google Scholar. I am grateful to Craig Horle for allowing me to read his article before publication.

61 Rowe, V. A., The First Hertford Quakers, Hertford 1970, 15Google Scholar.

62 Life of Thomas Ellwood, 92.

63 P.R.O..SP 29/91/68, 93/23,95/2.

64 The Diary of Henry Townshend, ed. Bund, J. W. Willis (Worcestershire Hist. Soc, 1920)Google Scholar,. i 70; Henry Townshend's ‘Notes on the Office of the Justice of the Peace’, 1661–3, ed. Hunt, R. D. (Worcestershire Hist. Soc, N.S., V, 1967), 104Google Scholar, 112–13; Bishop Fell and Nonconformity, ed. Clapinson, xxv.

65 Leaves from the History of Welsh Nonconformity...Autobiography of Richard Davies, ed. Southall, J. E. (Newport, Mon., 1899), 88–9Google Scholar, 120.

66 Suffolk Record Office, B 105/2/4 (Quarter Sessions Minute Book 1656–62), fos 150V, 164, 175, 180; Suffolk Record Office, B 105/2/6 (Quarter Sessions Minute Book 1662–67), fos 15, 25V, 32–32V, 35,44, 46; N.R.O., ‘Norwich Quarter Sessions Minute Book 1654–70’, March 1663/4; Roberts, D., Some Memoirs of the Life of John Roberts, 2nd edn, London 1973, 64Google Scholar.

67 P.R.O., SP 29/83/111.

68 Besse, Collection, i. 45ff; Bristol Record Office, ‘Bristol Corporation Quarter Sessions Minute Book 1653–71’, fos 50V-51; P.R.O., PC 2/56, p. 619; ‘Great Book of Sufferings’,. i 24ff; MS Clarendon 81, fos 182–3, 199.

69 My impressions are based upon the Quaker and sessions records for these counties.

70 Henry Townskend's ‘Notes’, 94; Surrey Quarter Sessions Records 1661–3, H. Jenkinson and D. L. Powell (Surrey Rec. Soc, xxxvi, 1935), 251–4, 257–9; Chandler, J., A True Relation, London 1662Google Scholar, passim.

71 K.R.O., ‘Kendal Indictment Book 1655–68’, fos 51, 54.

72 P.R.O., SP 29/92/12; C.R.O., QJB/11a (Quarter Sessions Indictments and Presentments 1660–9), fo. 98.

73 Warwick County Records, eds Ratcliff, S. C. and Johnson, H. C. (Warwick 1946)Google Scholar, vii. pp. lxix-lxxxii. The fact that there were 22 Quakers in Warwick prison in 1666 (many of whom were under praemunire) may detract from Ratcliff and Johnson's claims about the liberality of Warwickshire justices: cf. Extracts from State Papers, 248–55.

74 MS Clarendon, 82, fo. 44; P.R.O., SP 29/95/2, 91/68; Horle, ‘Judicial encounters’, 90–1.

75 By 1671 about £4–5 million was owing to the Exchequer (not solely from Quakers, of course): British Library (hereafter cited as B.L.), Add. MS 20739, fo. 2V. The Exchequer received only £40 worth of recusancy fines during the first financial year of the Restoration, and from 1660 to 1667 a mere £147 15s. 7d. Receipts reached a peak in the 1680s, with over £6,000 reaching the Exchequer in 1682–3. See Chandaman, C. D., The English Public Revenue 1660–1688, Oxford 1975Google Scholar, 348–9, 356–7. 360–1. Some of the fines must have found their way into the pockets of local officials; the earl of Powis told Richard Davics that of £8,000 taken from Lancashire recusants virtually none reached the Exchequer (Leaves from the History of Welsh Nonconformity, 146).

79 W.R.O., Quarter Sessions Great Rolls, Mich. 1664/179;E.S.R.O., QO/EW4, fos53v, 57v; K.R.O., ‘Kendal Indictment Book 1655–68’, 16 Jan. 14 Chas ii, 15 Jan. 15 Chas ii; K.R.O., ‘Appleby Indictment Book 1661–85’, Hilary 1663, July 1664; C.L.R.O., ‘Sessions Minute Book’, vol. 3, Aug. 1662. Although the Conventicle Act of 1664 carried the same fines and terms of imprisonment as the Quaker Act, the London authorities fined hundreds of Quakers a mere is. each (C.L.R.O., ‘May or's Court Waiting Book 1664–8’, 14 Aug. 1664–1 Jan. 1664/5), probably, Braithwaite has suggested, so that they could proceed to the third offence which carried the penalty of banishment: Braithwaite, W. C., Second Period of Quakerism, London 1919, 42Google Scholar.

77 K.R.O.,’ Appleby Indictment Book 1661–85 ‘July 1664. According to my calculations it should have been the third offence for William Hebson and Anthony Bownas (though possibly computation began again under the Conventicle Act). Also Thomas Langhornc was listed as a second offender in Easter 1664, whereas a man of that name had been prosecuted as a second offender, Hilary 1663. But they could of course have been different men.

78 P.R.O., Chester 24/134/4; Warwick County Records, vii, p. lxxvii; Clark, R., ‘Anglicanism, recusancy and dissent in Derbyshire 1603–1730’ (Univ. of Oxford D.Phil, thesis 1979), 222Google Scholar.

79 Kenyon, J. P., The Popish Plot, London 1974, 7Google Scholar. See also E.S.R.O., QI/EW3, fos 36V et seq.

80 Miller, Popery and Politics, 59; Salter, J. L., ‘Warwickshire Clergy, 1660–1714’ (Univ. of Birmingham Ph.D. thesis 1975), 118Google Scholar; Morgan, W. T., ‘The prosecution of nonconformists in the Consistory Court of St Davids, 1661–88’, Journal of the Historical Society of the Church in Wales, xii (1962), 36Google Scholar; Besse, Collection, i. 204; Clark, op. cit., 247; C.R.O., OJB/11a, fo. 98; Warwick County Records, vii. p. lxxvii; Cox, J. C., Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals, London 1890Google Scholar, i. 352; Extracts from State Papers, 307, 310; Minutes of Proceedings in Quarter Sessions, ed. Peyton, pp. cxxvii f: though many of these examples are for a later period. Curtis, T. C., ‘Quarter Sessions appearances and their background: a seventeenth-century regional study’, in Cockburn, J. S. (ed.), Crime in England 1550–1800, London 1977, 144–5Google Scholar, discusses the possibility that Cheshire constables were sympathetic to the Quakers in the 1680s. Anderson, A. B., ‘A study in the sociology of religious persecution: the first Quakers’, Journal of Religious History, ix (1977), 255–6Google Scholar, has discovered that some constables in Lancashire were in debt to Quakers.

81 Spufford, M., ‘First steps in literacy’, Social History, iv (1979), 431Google Scholar.

82 Wrightson, K., ‘Two concepts of order’, in Brewer, J. and Styles, J. (eds), An Ungovernable People, London 1980Google Scholar, ch. 1, esp. 21–2, 24, 29, 31, 44.

83 Miller, Popery and Politics, 60.

84 Bodleian Library, MS Add. C 305, fo. 68.

85 B.L., Add. MS 20739, fo. 2v.

86 Hay, D., ‘Property, authority and the criminal law’, in Hay, D. et al. , Albion's Fatal Tree, London 1977, 41–2Google Scholar, 46–9.

87 Hay, op. cit., 42.

88 Quoted in Hay, op. cit., 48.

89 Morgan, ‘Prosecution of nonconformists’, 44; P.R.O., SP 29/90/100. Cf. MS Clarendon 82, fo. 44.

90 B.L., Add. MS 21048 (Correspondence of the Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk 1661–4), fo. 8.

91 See Minute Book of the Men's Meeting of the Society of Friends in Bristol 1667–1686, ed. Mortimer, R. (Bristol Rec. Soc, 1971)Google Scholar, xxvii; Reay, B., ‘The social origins of early Quakerism’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xi (1980), 71Google Scholar.

92 Extracts from State Papers, 310, 314, 320–1, 325–9; Braithwaite, Second Period of Quakerism, 294; Chester City Record Office (hereafter cited as C.C.R.O.), ML 3/407 (Mayors’ Letters 1651–73); C.C.R.O., MF/88 (Mayors’ Files 1669–70) (no piece numbers given); S.R.O., DD/SFR 8/2, pt i, fos 56f; Leaves from the History of Welsh Nonconformity, 116ff. For some of the loopholes, see Bodleian Library, MS. Rawlinson, D1136 (Sir Thomas Sclater, Law-Notes 1660–83), 145–8; Extracts from State Papers, 287; K.A.O., U47/47 01 (Sir Roger Twysdcn's Notebook as JP), 63–4.

93 Miller, Popery and Politics, 58–63.

94 Green, ‘Re-establishment of the Church of England’, ch. 9 (and p. 453 for his conclusions).