¹ Lindert, Peter H. and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look,” Economic History Review, 36 (02 1983), pp. 1–25.Google Scholar

² Williamson, Jeffrey G., Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality? (London, 1985), chaps. 3 and 4.Google Scholar

³ Redford, Arthur, Labour Migration in England, 1800–1850 (Manchester, 1926), p. 159.Google Scholar

⁴ Clapham, J. H., An Economic History of Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1930), vol. 1, pp. 57–66.Google Scholar

⁵ All of these witnesses have their comments reproduced in the “Report on the State of the Irish Poor in Great Britain,” Parliamentary Papers, 1836, vol. 34, pp. xxxiii and 59–66.Google Scholar

⁶ Pollard, Sidney, “Labour in Great Britain,” Mathias, P. and Postan, M. M., eds., in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Volume VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise (Cambridge, 1978), p. 103.Google Scholar

⁷ Hunt, Eddie H., Regional Wage Variations in Britain, 1850–1914 (Oxford, 1973), p. 299.Google Scholar

⁸ Gráda, Cormac Ó, “Some Aspects of Nineteenth-Century Irish Emigration,” in Cullen, L. M. and Smout, T. C., eds., Comparative Aspects of Scottish and Irish Economic and Social History, 1600–1900 (Edinburgh, 1977), p. 65.Google Scholar

⁹ “State of the Irish Poor,” p. xxvi.Google Scholar

¹⁰ “First Annual Report of the Poor Law Commission,” Parliamentary Papers, 1835, vol. 35, p. 188.Google Scholar

¹¹ Redford, Labour Migration, chap. 6.Google Scholar

¹² Pollard, “Labour in Great Britain,” Table 34 and p. 141.Google Scholar

¹³ Todaro, Michael, “Urbanization in Developing Nations: Trends, Prospects and Policies,” in Ghosh, P. K., ed., Urban Development in the Third World (Westport, Conn., 1984)Google Scholar, Table 4. Kelley, Allen C. and Williamson, Jeffrey G., What Drives Third World City Growth? (Princeton, 1984), chap. 3.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Todaro, “Urbanization,” Table 4.Google Scholar

¹⁵ “State of the Irish Poor,” p. xxxvi.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Pollard, “Labour in Great Britain,” pp. 102 and 115.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ó Gráda, “Some Aspects,” p. 65.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Clapham, J. H., “Irish Immigration into Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century,” Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical Sciences, 20 (07 1933), vol. 5, pt. 3, pp. 596–605;Google ScholarRedford, Labour Migration, chap. 9;Google ScholarThompson, E. P., The Making of tile English Working Class (New York, 1963), pp. 433–34;Google ScholarHammond, J. L. and Hammond, B., The Bleak Age (New York, 1947), p. 38;Google ScholarFreeman, T. W., Pre-Famine Ireland: A Study in Historical Geography (Manchester, 1957);Google ScholarHunt, Regional Wage Variations, p. 286;Google ScholarTuathaigh, M. O.Ó, “The Irish in Nineteenth- Century Britain: Problems of Integration,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 31 (1981), pp. 149–73;Google ScholarFitzpatrick, David, Irish Emigration, 1800–1921 (Dublin, 1984).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Lawton, R., “Irish Immigration to England and Wales in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” Irish Geography, 4 (1959), pp. 50–52;Google ScholarDillon, T., “The Irish in Leeds, 1851–1861,” Publications of the Thoresby Society, 54, pt. 1 (1973), p. 6;Google ScholarRichardson, C., “Irish Settlement in Mid-Nineteenth Century Bradford,” Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research, 20 (05 1968), p. 52.Google Scholar

²⁰ Lees, Lynn H., Exiles of Erin: Irish Migrants in Victorian London (Ithaca, N.Y., 1979), pp. 92–101Google Scholar, and especially her “Patterns of Lower-Class Life: Irish Slum Communities in Nineteenth- Century London,” in Thernstrom, S. and Sennett, R., eds., Nineteenth-Century Cities: Essays in the New Urban Histories (New Haven, Conn., 1969), Table 2, p. 371.Google Scholar

²¹ Steele, E. D., “The Irish Presence in the North of England, 1850–1914,” Northern History, 12 (1976), p. 224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²² Lees, Exiles of Erin, p. 43.Google Scholar

²³ Mokyr, Joel and Gráda, Cormac Ó, “Emigration and Poverty in Prefamine Ireland,” Explorations in Economic History, 19 (10 1982), pp. 360–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁴ Lees, Exiles of Erin, p. 44;Google ScholarCollins, Brenda, “Irish Emigration to Dundee and Paisley Dunng the First Half of the Nineteenth Century,” in Goldstrom, J. M. and Clark, L. A., eds., Irish Population, Economy and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell (Oxford, 1981), p. 197;Google ScholarÓTuathaigh, “The Irish,” p. 52.Google Scholar

²⁵ Lees, Exiles of Erin, p. 42.Google Scholar

²⁶ Uselding, Paul J., “Conjectural Estimates of Gross Human Capital Inflows to the American Economy, 1790–1860,” Explorations in Economic History, 9 (Fall 1971), pp. 50–61;Google ScholarNeal, Larry and Uselding, Paul J., “Immigration, A Neglected Source of American Economic Growth, 1790–1912,” Oxford Economic Papers, 24 (03 1972), pp. 68–88.Google Scholar

²⁷ Simon, Julian L., “Immigrants, Taxes, and Welfare in the United States,” Population and Development Review, 10 (03 1984), pp. 55–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁸ Before 1834, of course, the Irish rarely qualified for “official” poor relief in Britain. However, they did receive “unofficial” welfare transfers, thus implying a financial burden.Google Scholar

²⁹ Mokyr, Joel, Why ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy (London, 1983), Table 8.1, p. 234.Google Scholar

³⁰ Erickson, Charlotte, “Emigration from the British Isles to the U.S.A. in 1831,” Population Studies, 35 (07 1981), pp. 183–84;Google ScholarMokyr, and Gráda, Ó, “Emigration and Poverty”;Google ScholarGráda, Cormac Ó, “Across the Briny Ocean: Some Thoughts on Irish Emigration to America, 1800–1850,” in Devine, T. and Dickson, D., eds., Ireland and Scotland: Essays in Comparative Economic and Social History (Edinburgh, 1983).Google Scholar

³¹ Gráda, Cormac Ó, “A Note on Nineteenth-Century Irish Emigration Statistics,” Population Studies, 29 (03 1975), p. 146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

³² Ó Gráda, “Some Aspects,” p. 65.Google Scholar

³³ Gráda, Cormac Ó, “A Note on Nineteenth-Century Irish Emigration Statistics,” Population Studies, 29 (03 1975), p. 146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

³⁴ “State of the Irish Poor,” p. 429.Google Scholar

³⁵ Pollard, “Labour in Great Britain.”Google Scholar

³⁶ See my discussion paper “Irish Immigration,” Appendix B, available upon request.Google Scholar

³⁷ O'Brien, G., An Economic History of Ireland from the Union to the Famine (Dublin, 1921), pp. 207–21;Google ScholarRedford, Labour Migration, pp. 132–70;Google ScholarAdams, William F., Ireland and Irish Emigration to the New World from 1815 to the Famine (New Haven, Conn., 1932).Google Scholar

³⁸ See my discussion paper “Irish Immigration,” Appendix C, available upon request.Google Scholar

³⁹ Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R. S., The Population History of England, 1541–1871: A Reconstruction (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), pp. 443–50.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Feinstein, Charles H., “Capital Formation in Great Britain,” in Mathias, P. and Postan, M. M., eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Volume VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, part I (Cambridge, 1978), p. 85.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Williamson, Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality?Google Scholar

⁴² Williamson, Jeffrey G., “Why Was British Growth So Slow During the Industrial Revolution?” this JOURNAL., 44 (09. 1984), pp. 687–712.Google Scholar

⁴³ This section draws heavily on Williamson, Jeffrey G., “Immigrant-Inequality Trade-Offs in the Promised Land: Income Distribution and Absorptive Capacity Prior to the Quotas,” in Chiswick, B., ed., The Gateway: U.S. Immigration Issues and Policies (Washington, D.C., 1982), pp. 254–58.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Developement of the model and tests of its quantitative relevance are reported at length in my Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality? An exposition of the model can also be found in my discussion paper “Irish Immigration,” available upon request.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Gráda, Cormac Ó, “Technical Change in the Mid-Nineteenth Century British Cotton Industry: A Note,” Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Fall 1984), pp. 345–52.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Grossman, Jean B., “The Substitutability of Natives and Immigrants in Production,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 64 (11. 1982), pp. 596–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁷ Hammermesh, Daniel S. and Grant, James, “Econometric Studies of Labor-Labor Substitution and their Implications for Policy,” Journal of Human Resourses, 14 (Fall 1979), Table 2, pp. 526–27.Google Scholar