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³ No figures for Welsh counties are available for 1794–1795. One or two Welsh counties may have qualified for inclusion in the “lowest-wage” category, but Bowley shows average farm wages for the whole of Wales at this date as 6s.8d.–7s.61.Google Scholar (Wages in the United Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century [Cambridge, 1900, endtable]; J.R.S.S. [12 1898], p. 706), so the majority of Welsh counties probably had wages that were low by English standards but above the level in most of Scotland.Google Scholar

⁴ Purdy, F., Bowley, A. L., Wood, G. H., and contributors to official inquiries all noticed this mid-century relative improvement in Scottish wages.Google ScholarHunt, E. H., Regional Wage Variations in Britain, 1850–1914 (Oxford, 1973), p. 48.Google Scholar

⁵ Bowley, , “The Statistics of Wages in the United Kingdom: Part 6, Wages in the Building Trades in English Towns,” J.R.S.S. (06 1900), p. 302–8; Appendix, Table 5.Google Scholar

⁶ For 1833–1845 there are again no worthwhile figures of farm wages in separate Welsh counties, although some rural Welsh counties were almost certainly among the lowest-paid British counties (Hunt, Regional Wage Variations, pp. 21–2, 25). Bowley (J.R.S.S., Dec. 1898) estimated average farm wages in Wales as a whole at 8s.2d. to 8s.8d. in 1833 and 7s.6d. in 1837. Welsh figures are available for 1867–1870, when four Welsh counties appear among the 18 counties where wages were lowest (Figure 8).Google Scholar

⁷ Hunt, Regional Wage Variations, pp. 15, 39–40, 45–46.Google Scholar

⁸ Ibid., pp. 68–9.

⁹ Graham, P. A., The Rural Exodus, (London, 1892), p. 7;Google ScholarBritish and Foreign Trade and Industrial Conditions, Parliamentary Papers, 1903, 67, p. 211.Google Scholar

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¹² The “revisionist” interpretation is associated particularly with the work of Myrdal, Gunnar, Economic Theory and Under-developed Regions, (London, 1957).Google Scholar On the debate generally, see Richardson, H. W., Regional Economics: Location Theory, Urban Structure and Regional Change, (London, 1969), chap. 13;Google ScholarWilliamson, Jeffrey G., “Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 13 (07 1965, part 2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar On attempts to test the theories, see Bairoch, P. and Lévy-Leboyer, M., eds., Disparities in Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution (London, 1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³ There is insufficient evidence of wages in Welsh and Scottish countries at the earlier dates for these calculations to be applied to Britain as a whole.Google Scholar

¹⁴ According to Bowley's evidence, among the counties where wages moved from within 5 percent of average in 1794–1795 to more than 5 percent below average in 1833–1845 were Wiltshire, Dorset, Hampshire, and Oxfordshire. Among those that moved from within 5 percent of the average to above 5 percent of the average were Lincolnshire, Rutland, Cheshire, Cumberland, and Durham.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Most of these movements were those which reduced both the advantages of the northern counties and the overall level of wage differentials, but not all. Some arose from southeastern counties replacing southwestern counties at the foot of the county wage-table.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Bowley, J.R.S.S. (Dec. 1898), pp. 704–7.Google Scholar

¹⁷ See p. 946; and Hunt, Regional Wage Variations, pp. 21–27.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Ibid. pp. 80, 262; Morgan, “Agricultural Wage Rates,” pp. 189–91.

²⁰ Hunt, E. H., “Labour Productivity in English Agriculture, 1850–1914,” Economic History Review, 20 (08 1967).Google Scholar

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²³ Defined here as all the counties of the southeast and East Anglia except those around London; ibid.

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²⁸ Argued in Hunt, British Labour History, pp. 171–76.Google Scholar

²⁹ Engels, F., The Condition of the Working Class in England, in Henderson, W. O. and Chaloner, W. H., eds. (London, 1958 edn.), p. 107;Google ScholarHechter, M., “Regional Inequality and National Integration: The Case of the British Isles,” Journal of Social History, 5 (Fall 1971–1972), p. 100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁴ Young, A., A Six Months Tour Through the North of England, (London, 1770), vol. 4, Letter 37.Google Scholar

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³⁷ Gilboy, Wages, p. 70.Google Scholar

³⁸ Ibid., p. 224.

³⁹ Lindert, Peter H. and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look,” Economic History Review, 36 (02 1983), p. 19.Google Scholar

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⁴² Hunt, Regional Wage Variations, chap. 2. For comparison with the markedly different situation in the United States,Google Scholar see Coelho, P. R. P. and Shepherd, J. F., “Regional Differences in Real Wages: The United States, 1851–1980,” Explorations in Economic History, 13 (04 1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴³ Hunt, Regional Wage Variations, pp. 68, 102–3. Rent for two rooms was estimated at 2s. in Exeter and 4s.9d. in London (Hackney).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Ibid. pp. 39–40, 248.

⁴⁵ Ibid. pp. 38, 121, 210–12.

⁴⁶ See Saito, O., “Labour Supply Behaviour of the Poor in the English Industrial Revolution,” Journal of European Economic History, 10 (Winter 1981).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Hunt, Regional Wage Variations, chap. 3, “Family Earnings.”Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ Hunt, Regional Wage Variations, pp. 117–18; Levitt and Smout, State of the Scottish Working Class, pp. 79, 106.Google Scholar