General Description
Walsh Glacier, which crosses the Yukon—Alaska border at lat. 60° 55′ N. is 75 km. in length. It heads in the Icefield Ranges, Yukon Territory, Canada, in two major branches, one from the north and one from the east, each 27 m. long. Below their juncture the glacier trends in a westerly direction into Alaska and joins the Logan Glacier 16 km. above the latter’s terminus. The two glaciers merge at an elevation of 1,130 m. Logan Glacier terminates very close to Chitina Glacier and is generally mapped as joining the latter (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Map of Walsh Glacier
The accumulation area of Walsh Glacier covers about 545 km.2. The firn line is located at 2,320 m. The ablation area covers 285 km.2. The accumulation area ratio (Reference Meier and PostMeier and Post, 1962, p. 70) is 0.66. The insulating effect of heavy ablation moraine reduces the melting on 67 km.2 of glacier surface. The high accumulation area ratio and the limited amount of exposed ice in the ablation area suggest that this is a very healthy glacier.
Past Records
Very little has been written regarding Walsh Glacier. The International Boundary Commission mapped most of the glacier in about 1912. Their detailed map shows that the party crossed the Walsh where it joins the Logan and occupied two photo points overlooking the valley. Bradford Washburn photographed the lower portion of the glacier in 1938 and the U.S. Air Force took trimetrogon photos in 1948. Canadian government mapping photographs were obtained in 1951 and U.S. Geological Survey aerial photographs covering the Alaskan part of the glacier were taken in 1957. The writer has examined and photographed portions of the glacier in 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, and 1965 in the course of aerial photographic studies of north-west North American glaciers.
Past Behavior
All photographs and maps prior to 1963 show that the lower portion of the Walsh Glacier was heavily covered with an ablation moraine and apparently stagnant.Footnote * It is quite likely that the glacier made an unrecorded surge (as defined below) sometime between the boundary commission surveys and about 1918. The 1938 photographs show surface features that indicate the lower Walsh Glacier had then been stagnant for probably 20 yr. or more. Except for further loss of ice through melting, the 1948 and 1961 photography showed that little further change had taken place. Between 1951 and 1961 no evidence of movement was found in the Walsh Glacier below the first tributary.
Recent Surge
Evidence of rapid down-valley movement of ice was apparently first noted in 1963 (Reference PostPost, 1964, p. 14). Various changes which took place in the lower part of the glacier between 1952 and 1964 have been described by Reference PaigePaige (1965).
From the photographic records the recent movement of portions of the glacier have been determined. This movement of the ice and other related features are typical of a glacier surgeFootnote * (Reference PostPost, 1960; Reference Post1965).
The Walsh Glacier surge has been exceptional in the distance the ice has moved down the valley. In a period of 4 yr. or less the maximum movement yet determined amounts to 10.1±0.1 km. To the author’s knowledge, this is greater than any such displacement previously reported for surging glaciersFootnote * (Reference Tarr and MartinTarr and Martin, 1914; Reference DesioDesio, 1954; Reference DolgushinDolgushin and others, 1963; Reference HanceHance, 1937; Reference MoffitMoffit, 1942; Reference PostPost, 1960; Reference Hattersley-SmithHattersley-Smith, 1964). The maximum average annual movements in the central part of the glacier during the 1951–60, 1951–61, 1960–63, and 1963–65 intervals are listed in Table I. Movement vectors for these time intervals are shown on Figure 1. As these figures represent averages over periods which may be considerably greater than the interval that the glacier has been in rapid motion, the actual maximum rate of flow is doubtless greater. The 1961 photography shows the central portion of the glacier from too great a distance to make accurate measurements possible. Despite this there can be little doubt that surface features in that region were essentially unchanged from 1960 (Fig. 2).
Table I. Recent Movement of Walsh Glacier
Fig. 2. Central section of Walsh Glacier 21 August 1960. The medial moraine loops are little changed from positions shown in photographs taken in 1938 and 1951. Note the smooth, uncrevassed ice between medial moraines. The glacier down-valley from the area shown here was covered with irregular ablation moraine and appeared to be essentially stagnant in all photographs prior to 1963.
That this “advance” (surge) may have been caused by the 27 March 1964 earthquake has been suggested by Reference PaigePaige (1965, p. 877). The extensive movement which took place before August 1963 (Fig. 3) precludes this possibility. From the amount of movement recorded between 1960 and 1963 the writer believes that the surge began in the upper portion of the glacier either in late 1960 or in 1961; 1965 photography suggests that the surge has probably about completed its active cycle.
Fig. 3. Central section of Walsh Glacier 24 August 1963. The formerly smooth ice surface is broken by innumerable crevasses. A maximum down-valley movement of 5,640 m. has taken place since 1960, as shown by the displacement of medial moraine loops. “First Tributary” enters at lower left, Logan Glacier and Mt. Logan (5,405 m.) are on right.
In the upper source areas of the glacier the ice thickness had been reduced from its 1960 levels as much as 150 m. (Figs. 4 and 5), which is about the maximum amount observed in other surging glaciers. The relative absence of fresh fractures in the ice in this area in 1965 suggests that the rate of flow was much reduced.
Fig. 4. Fast Branch, Walsh Glacier, 21 August 1960. The smooth ice and surface melt-water channels attest to the absence of crevasses. The deeply cut (white) melt-wafer channel crossing the medial moraines in the lower left side of the photo was present when the glacier was photographed in 1951.
Fig. 5. East Branch, Walsh Glacier, 23 August 1965. The glacier has been completely transformed. The margins of the glacier are intensely crevassed and the surface has been lowered 60 m. or more. Farther up the glacier lowering of the surface appears to be as much as 150 m. Note the ice affixed to valley walls which shows the level of the glacier before the surge took place. Ice flowing into Walsh Glacier from various tributaries is here clearly evident.
Other glaciers in this region have made surges in recent years and at least one appears to be in the initial stages of a surge in 1965. These glaciers are being kept under careful observation and, when possible, photographed annually.
Acknowledgement
This study was made possible by aerial photographic studies sponsored from 1960 to 1963 by the National Science Foundation and administered by the University of Washington. The U.S. Geological Survey sponsored the 1964 and 1965 studies.
