Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T08:48:07.191Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Making football global? FIFA, Europe, and the non-European football world, 1912–74

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 June 2013

Paul Dietschy*
Affiliation:
Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France E-mail: paul.dietschy@wanadoo.fr

Abstract

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) played a major role in the transformation of association football into a global game. Between 1912 and 1974, before the era of rapid economic sports globalization, FIFA officials attempted to extend the boundaries of the football empire by creating the World Cup and trying to convert new parts of the world to the people's game. It was not an easy task since they met with resistance, obstruction, and contestation. They had to revise their Eurocentric way of thinking and be willing to negotiate. Far from being a mere imperialist process, the path to world football consisted of a series of exacting exchanges and mutual misunderstandings, especially with the South American associations. It is not clear that FIFA officials always understood the demands of the developing football world but they were often able to negotiate and adapt their discourses towards non-European national associations and continental confederations. By doing so, they helped to create, if not an equal football world, at least an international world space.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Goldblatt, David, The ball is round: a global history of football, London: Viking, 2006Google Scholar

Dietschy, Paul, Histoire du football, Paris: Perrin, 2006Google Scholar

2 Guttmann, Allen, From ritual to record, New York: Columbia University Press, 1978, pp. 5455Google Scholar

3 Yallop, David, How they stole the game, London: Poetic Products, 1999Google Scholar

Jennings, Andrew, FOUL! The secret world of FIFA: bribes, vote-rigging and ticket scandals, London: HarperSport, 2006Google Scholar

4 Lanfranchi, Pierre, Eisenberg, Christiane, Mason, Tony, and Wahl, Alfred, 100 years of football: the FIFA centennial book, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004Google Scholar

5 Eisenberg, Christiane, ‘FIFA 1975–2000: the business of a football development organisation’, Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung, 31, 1, 2006, pp. 5568Google Scholar

6 Keys, Barbara J., Globalizing sport: national rivalry and international community in the 1930s, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006Google Scholar

7 Darby, Paul, ‘Africa's place in FIFA's global order: a theoretical frame’, Soccer & Society, 1, 2, 2000, p. 3661CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8 Darby, Paul, Africa, football, and FIFA: politics, colonialism, and resistance, London, Frank Cass, 2002Google Scholar

Tomlinson, Alan, ‘FIFA and the World Cup: the expanding football family’, in John Sugden and Alan Tomlinson, eds., Hosts and champions: soccer cultures, national identities and the 1994 USA World Cup, Aldershot: Arena, 1994Google Scholar

9 Ferguson, Niall, Empire: the rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power, London: Basic Books, 2002Google Scholar

10 Rimet, Jules, Le football et le rapprochement des peuples, Zurich: FIFA, 1954Google Scholar

11 FIFA Archives, Zurich (henceforth FIFA A), FIFA handbook 1931: FIFA membership consisted of twenty-seven European associations, thirteen from the Americas, six from Asia, and one from Africa.

12 Mason, Tony, Passion of the people? Football in South America, London: Verso, 1995Google Scholar

13 Wilson, Jonathan, Inverting the pyramid: the history of football tactics, London: Orion, 2008Google Scholar

14 Rapport officiel de la VIII e Olympiade, Paris: Comité olympique français, 1925, p. 316.

15 Julio D. Frydenberg, ‘Le nationalisme sportif argentin: la tournée de Boca Juniors en Europe et le journal Crítica, Histoire & Sociétés: revue européenne d'histoire sociale, 18–19, 2006, p. 84Google Scholar

16 Quesada, Francisco Miró, ‘Réalité et possibilité de la culture latino-américaine’, Tiers-Monde, 10, 39, 1969, p. 490Google Scholar

17 Ibid., p. 494.

18 Archetti, Eduardo P., ‘Masculinity and football: the formation of national identity in Argentina’, in Richard Giulianotti and John Williams, eds., Game without frontiers: football, identity and modernity, Aldershot: Arena, 1994, p. 225243Google Scholar

19 Lanfranchi, Pierre and Taylor, Matthew, Moving with the ball: the migration of professional footballers, Oxford: Berg, 2001, p. 83Google Scholar

20 Ibid., p. 76.

21 FIFA A, Congress, ‘Minutes of the 18th Annual Congress held at Barcelona on 17 and 18 May 1929’.

22 Uruguay campeón del mundo: informes de la delegación olimpica de la asociación uruguaya de football, y otros antecedentes, Montevideo: Imp. J. Florensa, 1931, p. 110.

23 Letter from Enrique E. Buero to the Uruguayan Foreign Affairs, 24 May 1929, Negociaciones Internacionales, Bruxelles, 1932, p. 63.

24 Rimet, Jules, Histoire merveilleuse de la Coupe du monde de football, Monaco: Union européenne d’éditions, 1954, pp. 7273Google Scholar

25 Football, 21 June 1930.

26 FIFA A, Congress, ‘Minutes of the 18th Annual Congress held at Barcelona on 17 and 18 May 1929’.

27 Homburg, Heidrun, ‘Financial aspects of FIFA's World Cup or the structural challenges of growth’, in Alfred Wahl, ed., Aspects de l'histoire de la Coupe du monde de football, Metz: Université de Lorraine, 2007, p. 171Google Scholar

28 FIFA A, FIFA handbook 1932–33, p. 9.

29 J. Rimet (France), G. Mauro (Italy), R. W. Seeldrayers (Belgium), R. Pelikan (Czechoslovakia), and A. Johnson (Sweden).

30 Organisationskomitee für die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936, The XIth Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: official report, vol. 2, Berlin: Wilhelm Limpert, 1937, p. 1048.

31 FIFA A, Olympic Games (henceforth OG), Berlin 1936, letter from Claudio Martinez, president of the Federación Peruana de Foot-Ball to Jules Rimet, 11 August 1936.

32 Walters, Guy, Berlin games: how Hitler stole the Olympic dream, London: John Murray, 2006, p. 290Google Scholar

33 Ibid., p. 291.

34 FIFA A, OG, Berlin 1936, letter from Claudio Martinez, president of the Federación Peruana de Foot-Ball to Jules Rimet, 11 August 1936.

35 FIFA A, Executive Committee (henceforth EC), letter from Ivo Schricker to members of the FIFA Executive Committee, 21 November 1936, recounting a confidential letter sent by the secretary of the South American Confederation Emergency Committee, Prof. Tochetti Lespade.

36 FIFA A, EC, Proposition of the South American Confederation regarding the composition of the Committees and Juries of Appeal for tournaments organized by FIFA, document dated 5 March 1938 and presented to the Executive Committee in Paris, 5 June 1938.

37 ‘Le voyage de M. Rimet en Amérique du Sud’, Football World: bulletin officiel de la Fédération internationale de football association, 6, April 1939.

38 FIFA A, EC, letter from Ivo Schricker to members of the Executive Committee, in which he reproduced the application letter signed by President Adrian C. Escobar and General Secretary Argentino M. Esteves, 30 June 1939.

39 Ibid.

40 FIFA A, Correspondence with continental confederations (henceforth CCC), CONMEBOL, letter from Ivo Schricker to Efrain Borrero, 3 January 1942.

41 FIFA A, CCC, CONMEBOL, letter from Ivo Schricker to Alfredo Calindo Quiroga, General Secretary of CONMEBOL, 15 June 1946.

42 FIFA A, FIFA handbook 1932–33, pp. 183–184Google Scholar

43 Ibid., p. 235.

44 FIFA A, Série Correspondence with national associations (henceforth CNA), Syria, letter from Carl A. W. Hirschman to Georges Mamamiri, 9 December 1930.

45 FIFA A, CNA, Lebanon, letters from Ivo Schricker to the General Secretary of the French Football Federation, Henri Delaunay, 17 October 1934, and to Pierre Gemayel, secretary of the Lebanese association, 1 December 1934.

46 FIFA A, EC, minutes of the meeting held in San Remo, 8–9 January 1938.

47 Fédération française de football Archives, 1938 World Cup, Organization and travel of the Dutch East Indies, letter from Ivo Schricker to Henri Delaunay, 15 December 1937.

48 FIFA A, CNA, Costa Rica, letter from the General Secretary of the Costa Rican Football Federation to Ivo Schricker, 19 November 1932.

49 FIFA A, CAN, Honduras, letter from Ivo Schricker to Esteban Diaz, 4 October 1937.

50 FIFA A, CAN, Costa Rica, letter from Hector Beeche to Ivo Schricker, 23 December 1937.

51 FIFA A, Costa Rica, Hector Beeche's Report on the Central American and Caribbean Games, n.d.

52 FIFA A, CAN, Costa Rica, letter from Hector Beeche to Ivo Schricker, 23 December 1937.

53 FIFA A, Referees’ Committee, minutes of the meeting held in Paris, 5 October 1935.

54 FIFA A, CNA, Turkey, letter from Ahmet Muvaffak to FIFA, 2 August 1935.

55 FIFA A, CNA, Guatemala, letter from Ivo Schricker to Enrique Molina Aguirre, 28 May 1937.

56 Dimeo, Paul, ‘Colonial bodies, colonial sport: “martial” Punjabis, “effeminate” Bengalis and the development of Indian football’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 19, 1, 2002, pp. 7290CrossRefGoogle Scholar

57 FIFA A, CNA, India, letter from Ivo Schricker to Ray Dutta, 23 February 1950.

58 FIFA A, CNA, India, letter from Ray Dutta to Ivo Schricker, 10 January 1950.

59 Majumdar, Boria and Bandyopahyay, Kausik, Goalless: the story of a unique footballing nation, New Delhi: Viking, 2006, p. 28Google Scholar

60 FIFA A, CNA, Vietnam, letter from Nguyen Phuoc-Vong to Jules Rimet, 20 June 1951.

61 Vassili, Phil, Colouring over the white line: the history of black footballers in Britain, Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company, 2000, pp. 7292Google Scholar

62 Martin, Phyllis, Les loisirs et la société à Brazzaville pendant l’ère coloniale, Paris: Karthala, 2006, pp. 150151Google Scholar

63 FIFA A, FIFA handbook 1950, p. 11Google Scholar

64 Ibid.

65 Fatès, Youssef, ‘Le club sportif, structure d'encadrement et de formation nationaliste de la jeunesse musulmane pendant la période coloniale’, in Nicolas Bancel, Daniel Denis, and Youssef Fatès, eds., De l'Indochine à l'Algérie: la jeunesse en mouvements des deux côtés du miroir colonial 1940–1962, Paris: La Découverte, 2003, p. 157Google Scholar

66 Boer, Wiebe, ‘A story of heroes, of epics: the rise of football in Nigeria’, in Gary Armstrong and Richard Giulianotti, eds., Football in Africa: conflict, conciliation and community, Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan, 2004, pp. 5979Google Scholar

idem, ‘Football, mobilization and protestation: Nnamdi Azikiwe and the goodwill tours of World War II’, Lagos Historical Review, 6, 2006, pp. 3961Google Scholar

67 Anderson, Benedict, Imagined communities, London: Verso, 1983Google Scholar

68 Deville-Danthu, Bernadette, Le sport en noir et blanc: du sport colonial au sport africain dans les anciens territoires français d'Afrique occidentale (1920–1965), Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997, p. 329Google Scholar

69 FIFA A, CNA, Ghana, letter from Richard Akwei to FIFA, 31 August 1953.

70 FIFA A, CNA, Belgium, letter from Firmin Yenga to Jules Rimet, 23 October 1954.

71 Lanfranchi, Pierre, ‘Mekloufi: un footballeur français dans la guerre d'Algérie’, Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 103, 1994, pp. 7074CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nait-Challal, Michel, Dribbleurs de l'indépendance: l'incroyable histoire de l’équipe du FLN algérien, Paris: Éditions Prolongations, 2008Google Scholar

Abderrahim, Kader, L'indépendance comme seul but, Paris: Paris-Méditerranée, 2008Google Scholar

72 FIFA A, CNA, Ethiopia, letter from Naldi Huber to Jules Rimet, 1 January 1948.

73 Darby, ‘Africa's place’.

74 Darby, Africa.

75 FIFA A, Reports on presidential visits 1963–1969, Stanley Rous report: ‘The problems in Asia and Africa and suggestions as to how they might be eased’, 27 September 1965.

76 Dietschy, Paul and Kemo-Keimbou, David-Claude, L'Afrique et la planète football, Paris: EPA, 2010, p. 179185Google Scholar

77 FIFA A, CNA, Ivory Coast, letter from Pierre Goudal Lohourignon to Helmut Käser, 16 December 1969.

78 FIFA A, CNA, Kenya, letter from Yidnekatchew Tessema to Helmut Käser, 6 May 1968.

79 UEFA, 50 ans UEFA: 1954–2004, 2 vols., Nyon: UEFA, 2004, vol. 1, p. 46.

80 FIFA A, Faouzi Mahjoub, Confederation of African Football (henceforth CAF), minutes of the Executive Committee meeting held in Cairo on 21 and 22 July 1964.

81 FIFA A, CCC, CAF, resolution received by FIFA on 20 August 1964.

82 FIFA A, Congress, minutes of the XXXIVth Ordinary Congress held in Tokyo on 8 October 1964.

83 Ibid.

84 FIFA A, CCC, CAF, letter from Helmut Käser to Mourhad Famy, 1 October 1965.

85 FIFA A, Consultative Committee, FIFA–CAF, minutes of the 4th meeting of the FIFA Consultative Committee/Confederation of African Football held on 9 November 1965 at the Hotel Amilcar, Sidi-Bou-Said, Tunis.

86 FIFA A, 1970 World Cup, minutes of the 4th meeting of the Organizing Committee Bureau held at the Mansour Hotel, Casablanca, Morocco, 1 February 1968.

87 Alegi, Peter, Laduma! Soccer, politics and society in South Africa, Scottville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2004Google Scholar

88 Dietschy and Kemo-Keimbou, L'Afrique, pp. 217–232Google Scholar

89 FIFA A, Presidents, Havelange campaign, 1974.

90 Jean Havelange ‘Mes objectifs pour développer le football mondial’, France Football, édition africaine, 17 September 1974Google Scholar