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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018
In the twentieth century, increased contact with world affairs and intellectual life has brought Latin America more fully into the general stream of western thought. Rapid population growth and economic development have also brought many changes in society, increasing the tempo of social change and producing such political movements as the Mexican Revolution, Uruguayan Ratllismo, Peruvian Aprismo, and similar revolutionary developments in other countries. A population increase averaging around two per cent annually, and a rise in per capita income more rapid than the average increase in the United States during the years 1869-1952, go far to explain the striking increase in intellectual activity which has occurred. An additional factor of no mean significance, however, has been the immigration of refugee scholars resulting from the Spanish Civil War and World War II.
1 See United Nations, Economic Survey of Latin America, 1954 (New York: United Nations, 1955) p. 3 Google Scholar.
2 For a comprehensive discussion of Communism in Latin America see Alexander, Robert J.: Communism in Latin America (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1957)Google Scholar. An interesting Communist commentary on social interpretations by various Latin Americans appeared in an article by I. R. Grig, “Notes on the Status of the Science of History in Latin America,” Voprosy Istorii, No. 10, October 1955.
3 Gerhard Masur, “Miguel de Unamuno”, The Americas, XII (October 1955) 139-156; Leopoldo Zea, Dos etapas del pensamiento en Hispanoamérica (México: El Colegio de México, 1949) pp. 16-17.
4 On Krausism see Zea, Leopoldo, Apogeo y decadencia del positivismo en México (México: El Colegio de México, 1944) 112–136 Google Scholar; Larroyo, Francisco, La filosofía americana (México: Universidad Autónoma de México, 1958) pp. 99–101 Google Scholar; Gerhard Masur, op.cit., p. 141.
5 Gálvez, Manuel, Vida de Hipólito Irigoyen, 2d. ed. (Buenos Aires: the author, 1939)Google Scholar.
6 Ardao, Arturo, La filosofía en él Uruguay en el siglo xx (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1956) p. 144.Google Scholar
7 Costa, Joáo Cruz, Esbozo de una historia de las ideas en Brasil (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1957) pp. 128ffGoogle Scholar.
8 Maritain, Jacques, Bergsonian Philosophy and Thomism (New York: Philosophical Library, 1955)Google Scholar.
9 Cruz Costa, op.cit., pp. 150ff.
10 Published Rio de Janeiro: Agir, 1947.
11 See his Pensamiento y acción (Santiago, Chile: Ed. del Pacífico, 1956).
12 On Indianismo see Bette Salz, “Indianismo” in Social Forces, XI (Nov. 1944) pp. 441-69; Lipschutz, Alejandro, Indoamericanismo y la raza india (Santiago, Chile: Nascimiento, 1937)Google Scholar and his Indoamericanismo y él problema racial de las Americas. (Santiago: Nascimiento, 1944); Comas, Juan, Ensayos sobre indigenismo (México: Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, 1953)Google Scholar; the excellent Introduction to Aída Cometta Manzoni, El indio en la poesía de América Española (Buenos Aires: Joaquín Torres, 1939); and Villoro, Luis, Los grandes momentos del indigenismo en México (México: El Colegio de México, 1950)Google Scholar.
13 See Ramírez, Rafael et al., La enseñanza de historia en México (México: Instituto Panamericano de Historia y Geografía, 1956)Google Scholar.
14 See particularly Juan Comas, Ensayos sobre indigenismo and Luis Villoro, Los grandes momentos del indigenismo en México. Also the work of the Swedish scholar, Arnoldsson, Sverker, Los momentos históricos de América (Madrid: ínsula, 1956)Google Scholar.
15 The Negro in Brazil, trans, by Pattee, Richard (Washington: Associated Publishers, 1939).Google Scholar
16 The Masters and the Slaves, trans, by Putnam, Samuel (New York: Knopf, 1946)Google Scholar; and An Interpretation of Brazil (New York: Knopf, 1945); also Spanish edition (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1956).
17 Francovich, Guillermo, El pensamiento boliviano en el siglo xx (Buenos Aires and México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1956)Google Scholar.
18 El huracán (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1947).
19 Buenos Aires: J. Roldan y Cía., 1924. Obras completas, vol. 5.
20 Santiago, Chile: Biblioteca América, 1936. See also his Los fundamentos de la historia americana (Buenos Aires: Ed. Americalee, 1943).
21 México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1947. Also in English Version.
22 El sentido de lo humano en América, tomo I (Santiago, Chile: Universidad de Chile, 1950).
23 Dos etapas del pensamiento en hispanoamérica (México: Colegio de México, 1949).
24 Ulises Criollo (1935), La Tormenta (1936), El desastre (1938), El proconsulado (1939), published by Botas, México.
25 Among the many books which constitute this discussion of the Mexican Revolution, the following may be mentioned: José Vasconcelos, ¿Que es la revolución? (1937), Blas Urrea (Luis Cabrera) Veinte años después (1938), J. M. Puig Casauranc, El sentido social del proceso histórico de México (1936), Manuel Gamio, Hacia un México nuevo (1935), Alfonso Teja Zabre, Panorama histórico de la revolución mexicana (1939), Moisés Sáenz, México íntegro (Lima, 1939), and Miguel Alessio Robles, Historia política de la Revolución (México: Ed. Botas, 1938).
26 R. Agramonte in Medardo Vitier, Varona, maestro de juventudes (Habana: Ed. Trópico, 1937) pp. 253-254.
27 Poviña, Alfredo, The sociology of Revolutions (Buenos Aires: 1932)Google Scholar; Grompone, Antonio, Filosofía de las revoluciones (Buenos Aires: 1932)Google Scholar; Colmo, Alfredo, La revolución en la América latina, 2a ed. (Buenos Aires: (1933)Google Scholar; Sánchez, Luis Alberto, El pueblo en la revolución americana (Buenos Aires: America lee, 1942)Google Scholar.
28 Fundamentos de la historia de América (México: Imprenta Universitaria, 1942), espec. pp. 131-132.
29 Crisis y porvenir de la ciencia histórica (México: Imp. Universitaria, 1947) pp. 308-309.
30 See especially his Dos etapas del pensamiento hispanoamericano, previously cited, and El positivismo en México (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1943).
31 ¿ Y después de la guerra, qué? (Lima: Ed. P.T.C.M., 1946). The essay first appeared in the magazine Hoy, August 1942.
