Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T20:14:42.514Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Helms-Burton Law: Development, Consequences, and Legacy for Inter-American and European-US Relations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Joaquín Roy
Joaquín Roy*
Affiliation:
University of Barcelona, University of Miami, Georgetown University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

On April 11, 1997, the European Commission, represented by its vice president and UK commissioner, Leon Brittan, responsible for foreign trade and relations with North-America; and the government of the United States, represented by Under Secretary of State for Foreign Trade Stuart Eizenstat, agreed on a compromise that in effect would temporarily neutralize the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996, better known as the Helms-Burton law, just a year after its approval. In the event that all the portions of the agreement are implemented, this accommodation will represent the end of one of the most serious episodes of disagreement between Washington and Brussels since the end of the Cold War, as well as between the United States and its partners in NAFTA.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 39 , Issue 3 , Fall 1997 , pp. 77 - 108
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agence France Press (AFP). (1997a) “Pijamas cubanos son eje de pesquisa canadiense. El Nuevo Herald, 6 March.Google Scholar
Agence France Press (AFP). (1997b) 28 February.Google Scholar
Agence France Press (AFP). (1997c) 3 April.Google Scholar
Agence France Press (AFP). (1997d) 11 June.Google Scholar
Agence France Press (AFP). (1996) 3 June.Google Scholar
Alfonso, Pablo. (1996) “Rechazo europeo oscurece el horizonte económico. El Nuevo Herald, 18 May.Google Scholar
Altozano, Hermenegildo. (1996) La Ley Helms-Burton y la protección de las inversiones españolas en Cuba. Paper presented at the seminar “the Strengthening of the Us Embargo against Cuba” (El refuerzo del embargo de Ee.Uu. contra Cuba). Sitges [Barcelona], Spain, 8–10 July.Google Scholar
Mena, Alvarez, Sergio, , and Crane, Daniel A.. (1996) From the Commerce Clause to Café Cubano: the Constitutionality of Helms-Burton. Paper presented to the American Bar Association International Law Section and Inter-American Law Committee Fall Meeting, Chicago, 23–26 October.Google Scholar
Arias, Inocencio F. (1997) “La bula progresina. Política Exterior 55, 15 (January-February): 21–28.Google Scholar
Bar Association of the City of New York. Committee on Inter-American Affairs. (1996) “The Legality of the Extraterritorial Reach of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992. The Report, May-June.Google Scholar
Bourque, Shari-Ellen. (1995) “The Illegality of the Cuban Embargo in the Current International System. Boston University International Law Journal 13, 163 (Spring): 191–228.Google Scholar
Cain, Jerry W. Jr. (1994) “Extraterritorial Application of the United States' Trade Embargo against Cuba: the United Nations General Assembly’s Call for an End to the U.S. Trade Embargo. Georgia Journal of International Law and Comparative Law 2: 379–396.Google Scholar
Canada. (1992) Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act (United States) Order (Fema). October 9.Google Scholar
Clagett, Brice M. (1996) “Title Iii of the Helms-Burton Act is Consistent with International Law. American Journal of International Law 90, 3 (July): 434–440.Google Scholar
Corzo, Cynthia (1997) “Eu y Europa pactan sobre Ley Helms”, El Nuevo Herald, 12 April.Google Scholar
Diario Las Américas. (1997a) “Desde Washington: Estudio demuestra la falsedad de la legislación de parlamentario canadiense. 9 March.Google Scholar
Diario Las Américas. (1997b) “Desde Washington: La irritación europea con la ley Helms-Burton. 2 March.Google Scholar
Diario Las Américas. (1997c) [“a Year after the Helms-Burton Law.”] 12 March.Google Scholar
Diario Las Américas. (1997d) “Su primer año ha sido un éxito”, 16 March.Google Scholar
Diario Las Américas. (1997e) “Ataca la izquierda a Aznar. 9 April.Google Scholar
Diario Las Américas. (1997f) “Enfoque multilateral a los derechos de propiedad. Transcription of State Department statement. 27 April.Google Scholar
Diario Las Américas. (1996) [n.t.] 13 June.Google Scholar
Donner, Laura A. (1993) “The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992: Using Foreign Subsidiaries as Tools of Foreign Economic Policy. Emory International Review 7, 1 (Spring): 259–267.Google Scholar
EFE [Spanish News Agency]. (1997a) [No title] 1 May.Google Scholar
EFE [Spanish News Agency]. (1997b) “Empresario español se declara inocente. Avance, 11 April.Google Scholar
EFE [Spanish News Agency]. (1997c) “Sorprende a diplomáticos nota de la cancillería. 11 April.Google Scholar
EFE [Spanish News Agency]. (1997d) “Representantes de Eu buscan apretar ley Helms-Burton. 1 June.Google Scholar
European Union. Commission. (1995) “Communication of the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Brussels. June 28.Google Scholar
European Union. Council. (1996) Regulation (Ec) No. 2271/96. Official Journal of the European Communities. Brussels. 29 November.Google Scholar
European Union. Council. (1992a) “Declaration on Cuba”. 23 January.Google Scholar
European Union. Council. (1992b) “Declaration on Cuba”. 22 December.Google Scholar
European Union. European Parliament. (1996a) “Resolution on Cuba. Brussels. 14 March.Google Scholar
European Union. European Parliament. (1996b) “Resolution on the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Relations between the European Union and Cuba”. 18 January.Google Scholar
European Union. European Parliament. (1996c) “Resolution on the Obligations of the Member States regarding Gatt”. 10 June.Google Scholar
European Union. European Parliament. (1994) “Resolution on the Situation in Cuba”. 29 September.Google Scholar
European Union. European Parliament. (1993a) “Resolution on the Embargo against Cuba and the ‘Torricelli Law.”’ 16 September.Google Scholar
European Union. European Parliament. (1993b) “Resolution on the Situation of Human Rights in Cuba”. 11 March.Google Scholar
European Union. European Parliament. (1992a) “Resolution on the Executions and Violations of Human Rights in Cuba”. 13 February.Google Scholar
European Union. European Parliament. (1992b) “Resolution on the Restrictions to International Trade Imposed by the United States (Cuban Democracy Act)”. 17 December.Google Scholar
European Union. Presidency. (1996) “Declaration of the European Union on the Destruction of the Two Civilian Aircraft by Cuban Authorities” Brussels. 26 February.Google Scholar
European Union. Presidency. (1995a) “Declaration of the Presidency of the European Union on Cuba”. 5 April.Google Scholar
European Union. Presidency. (1995b) “Declaration of the Presidency on the Project of the Helms-Burton Law”. 11 October.Google Scholar
Evans, Robert. (1997) News dispatch. Reuters, 17 April.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Pascal. (1997) “Havana’s ‘note’ creates a puzzle for embassies. Financial times, 15 April.Google Scholar
GonzÁLez, J. C. (1997) “Estados Unidos pide información. El País, 22 February.Google Scholar
Instituto de Relaciones Europeo-Latinamericanas (IRELA). (1996a) “Cuba y la Unión Europea: las dificultades del diálogo. Report. 17 June. Madrid : IRELA.Google Scholar
Instituto de Relaciones Europeo-Latinamericanas (IRELA). (1996b) “La posición común de la Ue sobre Cuba: debate interno, reacciones y repercusiones. Report. 13 December.Google Scholar
LÓPez Garrido, Diego. (1996) “Sobre Cuba y la Ue. El País. 3 January.Google Scholar
Mallett, Nick. (1996) The Application in the United Kingdom of the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act (Libertad Act) of 1996. Paper presented at the seminar “the Strengthening of the U.S. Embargo against Cuba.” Sitges [Barcelona], Spain, 8–10 July.Google Scholar
Marquis, Christopher. (1997a) “New test looms in wrangle over property Cuba seized”, Miami Herald, 26 April.Google Scholar
Marquis, Christopher. (1997b) “Europe, U.S. Make Cuba Deal. Miami Herald, 12 April.Google Scholar
Marquis, Christopher. (1997c) “Cuba blasts embargo proposals. Miami Herald, 31 May.Google Scholar
MartÍ, Octavi. (1997) “Francia reta a Ee.Uu. El País, 26 April.Google Scholar
Mexico. Congress. (1996a) Resolution. Mexico City, 29 May.Google Scholar
Mexico. Congress. (1996b) “Position Taken by Mexico on the Helms-Burton Law and the Question of Cuba” 28 August.Google Scholar
Mexico. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1996) Press releases. 17 June, 20 August.Google Scholar
Miami, Herald. (1997) “Pay Native Americans, too”. 12 March.Google Scholar
Miami, Herald. (1994) “Exile: Cuba investments ‘an act of collaboration.”’ 22 December.Google Scholar
MÍGuez, Alberto. (1997) “España no protestará”, Diario Las Américas, 8 April.Google Scholar
Montaner, Carlos Alberto. (1996) “Aznar, la ley Helms-Burton y los cubanos. El País, 5 June.Google Scholar
Moreno, Rafael. (1997) “Ros-Lehtinen feliz por alarma de Castro. Efe, 2 June.Google Scholar
Muse, Robert. (1996) Legal and Practical Implications of Title Iii of the Helms-Burton Law. Paper presented at the seminar “the Strengthening of the U.S. Embargo against Cuba.” Sitges [Barcelona], Spain, 8–10 July.Google Scholar
ElNuevo, Herald (1997a) “Empresa podría evitar efecto de ley Helms”. 26 April.Google Scholar
ElNuevo, Herald (1997b) “Helms a Cuba: Tiranía caerá pronto”, 13 March; text from Associated Press, Efe, and other agencies.Google Scholar
New York Times. (1997) “Canada Fails to Confront Dictator”. 25 January.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, AndrÉS. (1997) “U.S. Law Puts Cuba Investor on the Skids. Miami Herald, 3 March.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). (1996) Inter-American Juridical Committee. Opinion following the mandate of the Resolution Ag/Doc.337/96 of the General Assembly of the Organization of American States, entitled “Freedom of Trade and Investment in the Hemisphere.” Washington, Dc, 23 August.Google Scholar
PÉRez GimÉNez, Alberto. (1996) “El Gobierno prepara medidas con la Ley de Ee.Uu. Abc (Madrid), 23 May.Google Scholar
Porotsky, Richard D. (1995) “Economic Coercion and the General Assembly: a Post-Cold War Assessment of the Legality and Utility of the Thirty-Five Year Old Embargo against Cuba”, Vanderbilt Journal of International Law 28, 4 (October): 901–958.Google Scholar
Brotons, Remiro, Antonio, . (1997) “Cuba, las amistades peligrosas. Política Exterior 55, 15 (January-February): 5–20.Google Scholar
Rio Group. (1996) Final Declaration of the Summit, La Paz, Bolivia, 6 September. La Paz : Bolivian Social Communications Ministry.Google Scholar
Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana. (1997a) “La administración Clinton se rinde ante las demandas europeas. Diario las Américas, 20 April.Google Scholar
Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana. (1997b) “Congreso considera legislación. Report. Diario las Américas, 1 June.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Carol. (1997) “Canada’s pro-Cuba boycott: Is Florida hurting?” Miami Herald, 9 March.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1997a). “Spain and Cuba” and “Postscript”, pp. 205–250 and 251–265 in Roy, and Albert, Galinsoga (eds.) The Ibero-American Space: Dimensions and Perceptions of the Special Relationship Between Spain and Latin America. Coral Gables / Lleida : Iberian Studies Institute, University of Miami/Jean Monnet Chair, University of Lleida.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1997b) “Tensión lingüística entre Madrid y La Habana. Diario las Américas, 28 March; La Opinión (Los Angeles), 26 March.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1996a) “España, la Unión Europea y Cuba: la evolución de una relación especial a una política de gestos y de presión. Occasional paper. Coral Gables : University of Miami, Cuban Student Association.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1996b) “España y Cuba: una relación muy especial. Revista Afers Internacionals (Barcelona) 31: 147–166.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1991) “Relaciones y percepciones entre España y Cuba. Trasfondo de la ‘Crisis de las embajadas”’ pp. 27–47 in Carlos Robles, Piquer (ed.) Cuba 1990: Realidad y futuro. Santiago de Compostela : Fundación Alfredo Brañas.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1988a) “Cuba: des inconnues pour l'avenir. L'Espagne et l'Amérique Latine. Documentation Française (Paris) 595, (11 November): 24–28.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1988b) Cuba y España: relaciones y percepciones. Madrid : Biblioteca Cubana Contemporánea.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1988c) “Las relaciones actuales entre Cuba y España. Afers Internacionals 12–13: 5–19.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1988d) “Las relaciones Madrid-La Habana. Política Exterior 2, 6 (Spring): 275–279.Google Scholar
Roy, JoaquÍN. (1987) “Las relaciones actuales entre Cuba y España. Política Exterior 1, 3 (Summer): 282–286.Google Scholar
Bravo, Ruiz, deHernÁN, JesÚS, and Rufino, Manuel Moran. (1996) La ley Helms-Burton: líneas de acción para contrarrestar sus efectos extraterritoriales. Paper presented at the seminar “the Strengthening of the U.S. Embargo against Cuba.” Sitges [Barcelona], Spain, 8–10 July.Google Scholar
SahagÚN, Felipe. (1996) “Cuba: un asunto interno español. Meridiano ( Madrid : CERI) (August): 4–9.Google Scholar
Sotillo, Alberto. (1996) “Ee.Uu. pide un gesto. Abc (Madrid), 9 March.Google Scholar
Spain, Ministry of Economy. (1997) “Crece la inversión española. Expansión (Madrid). 15 April.Google Scholar
Tamayo, Juan O. (1997a) “Firma italiana se burla de ley Helms. El Nuevo Herald, 6 March.Google Scholar
Tamayo, Juan O. (1997b) “Cuba sets off blitz against embargo. Miami Herald, 13 June.Google Scholar
Macchiavello, Torres, MaríA, Soledad. (1996) “Antecedentes de la ley Helms-Burton. Diplomacia 71 (December): 54–66.Google Scholar
Triper, JosÉ MarÍA. (1997) “El capital español apuesta por Cuba. Cinco Días, 11 February.Google Scholar
United States Congress. (1996) “Cuba Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996. Pub 1 No. 104–114, 110 Stat. 785 (1996).Google Scholar
United States Congress. Congressional Record. (1995a) House of Representatives. 21 September.Google Scholar
Vicent, Mauricio. (1997) “El gobierno de Aznar cancela un crédito”, El País, 2 February.Google Scholar
Vidal-Folch, Xavier. (1997a) “Los negociadores de Ee.Uu. y la Ue alcanzan un pacto para desactivar su litigio sobre Cuba. El País, 12 April.Google Scholar
Vidal-Folch, Xavier. (1997b) “La Ue no ha perdido nada. El País, 27 April.Google Scholar
Wong, Kam S. (1994) “The Cuba Democracy Act of 1992: the Extraterritorial Scope of Section 1706(a). University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Business Law 14, 4 (Winter): 651–682.Google Scholar
Zipper, Arnold M. (1992) “Toward the Termination of Licensed Us Foreign Subsidiary Trade with Cuba: the Legal and Political Obstacles. Law and Policy in International Business 23, 4: 1045–1069.Google Scholar