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The Effect of Electrolyte Composition on the Fabrication of Self-Organized Titanium Oxide Nanotube Arrays by Anodic Oxidation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Qingyun Cai ,
Maggie Paulose ,
Oomman K. Varghese  and
Craig A. Grimes
Qingyun Cai
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; and Department of Chemistry, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China, 410082
Maggie Paulose
Affiliation:
Sentechbiomed Corporation, State College, Pennsylvania 16803
Oomman K. Varghese
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Craig A. Grimes
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Abstract

We report on the fabrication of self-organized titanium oxide nanotube arrays of enhanced surface area prepared by anodic oxidation of a pure titanium sheet in electrolyte solutions containing potassium fluoride (KF) or sodium fluoride (NaF). The effects of electrolyte composition and concentration, solution pH, and the anodic potential on the formation of nanotubes and dimensions of the resulting nanotubes are detailed. Although nanotube arrays of length greater than 500 nm are not possible with hydrofluoric acid containing electrolytes [G.K. Mor, O.K. Varghese, M. Paulose,N. Mukherjee, C.A. Grimes, J. Mater. Res. 18, 2588 (2003)], by adjusting the pH of a KF containing electrolyte to 4.5 using additives such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen sulfate, and/or citric acid, we could increase the length of the nanotube-array to approximately 4.4 μm, an order of magnitude increase in length. The as-prepared nanotubes are composed of amorphous titanium oxide. Independent of the electrolyte composition, crystallization of the nanotubes to anatase phase occurred at temperatures ⩾280 °C. Rutile formation occurred at the nanotube-Ti substrate interface at temperatures near 480 °C. It appears geometry constraints imposed by the nanotube walls inhibit anatase to rutile transformation. No disintegration of the nanotube array structure is observed at temperatures as high as 580 °C. The excellent structural and crystal phase stability of these nanotubes make them promising for both low- and high-temperature applications.

Keywords

CeramicElectrochemical synthesisNanoscale
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , January 2005 , pp. 230 - 236
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2004

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