Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T17:46:09.039Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of preexisting VC carbides on the bainite transformation in medium-carbon high-alloy steel

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2019

Xiaoli Zhao ,
Lizhan Han ,
Chuanwei Li  and
Jianfeng Gu
Xiaoli Zhao
Affiliation:
Institute of Materials Modification and Modeling, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Lizhan Han
Affiliation:
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modification, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Chuanwei Li
Affiliation:
Institute of Materials Modification and Modeling, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Jianfeng Gu*
Affiliation:
Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: gujf@sjtu.edu.cn
Get access

Abstract

Bainite transformation in steels is influenced by various factors. In the present work, bainite transformation in medium carbon high alloyed steel was investigated focusing on the influence of preexisting VC carbides on the morphology and transformation kinetics of the subsequently formed bainite. Hot-work die steels were held at 950 °C for various times to precipitate VC carbides, then rapidly cooled from 950 to 350 °C and held at this temperature for the bainite transformation. It is found that the bainite transformation was obviously accelerated by the preexisting VC carbides precipitated at the austenite region. The precipitation of carbides leads to a decrease in carbon concentration in the matrix, which decreases the effective activation energy and increases the highest temperature for the nucleation of bainite. Besides, bainite was observed to grow beside the VC carbides. It suggests that the VC carbides in the matrix act as nucleation sites for the bainite transformation. In the specimens, the bainite transformation is accelerated, and a higher fraction of bainite is formed when there are carbides in the matrix.

Keywords

VC carbidesmedium carbon high alloyed steelH13 steelbainite transformation kinetics
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 34 , Issue 15 , 14 August 2019 , pp. 2695 - 2704
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Rafi, H.K., Ram, G.D.J., Phanikumar, G., and Rao, K.P.: Microstructural evolution during friction surfacing of tool steel H13. Mater. Des. 32, 82 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, Q., Wu, X., Shi, N., Li, J., and Min, N.: Microstructure evolution and kinetic analysis of DM hot-work die steels during tempering. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 528, 5696 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S., Deng, L., Wu, X., Wang, H., and Min, Y.: Low-frequency internal friction investigating of the carbide precipitation in solid solution during tempering in high alloyed martensitic steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527, 6899 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, Y., Peng, J-M., Wang, H-B., and Wu, X-C.: Effect of tempering on microstructure and mechanical properties of a non-quenched bainitic steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527, 3433 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, M.X., Wang, S.Q., Wang, L., Cui, X.H., and Chen, K.M.: Effect of tempering conditions on wear resistance in various wear mechanisms of H13 steel. Tribol. Int. 44, 898 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luzginova, N.V., Zhao, L., and Sietsma, J.: Bainite formation kinetics in high carbon alloyed steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 481, 766 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakhtiari, R. and Ekrami, A.: The effect of bainite morphology on the mechanical properties of a high bainite dual phase (HBDP) steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 525, 159 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, G., Zhang, H., Gui, X., Tan, Z., Bai, B., and Weng, Y.: Enhanced strain hardening capacity in a lean alloy steel treated by a “disturbed” bainitic austempering process. Acta Mater. 101, 31 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, C.J., Shang, C.J., Liu, S.L., Guan, H.L., Misra, R.D.K., and Chen, Y.B.: Effect of volume fraction of bainite on strain hardening behavior and deformation mechanism of F/B multi-phase steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 731, 173 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H. and Christian, J.W.: Bainite in steels. Metall. Trans. A 21, 767 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fielding, L.C.D.: The bainite controversy. Mater. Sci. Technol. 29, 383 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santofimia, M.J., Caballero, F.G., Capdevila, C., García-Mateo, C., and García de Andrés, C.: Evaluation of displacive models for bainite transformation kinetics in steels. Mater. Trans. 47, 1492 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chester, N.A. and Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H.: Mathematical modelling of bainite transformation kinetics. J. Phys. IV 7, C5–C41 (1997).Google Scholar
Azuma, M., Fujita, N., Takahashi, M., and Iung, T.: Modelling upper and lower bainite transformation in steels. Mater. Sci. Forum 426, 1405 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, L.C.: Microstructures and reaction kinetics of bainite transformation in Si-rich steels. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 368, 175 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillert, M., Höglund, L., and Ågren, J.: Role of carbon and alloying elements in the formation of bainitic ferrite. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35, 3693 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santofimia, M.J., Caballero, F.G., Capdevila, C., García-Mateo, C., and Andrés, C.G.d.: New model for the overall transformation kinetics of bainite. Part 1: The model. Mater. Trans. 47, 2465 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santofimia, M.J., Caballero, F.G., Capdevila, C., García-Mateo, C., and Andrés, C.G.d.: New model for the overall transformation kinetics of bainite. Part 2: Validation. Mater. Trans. 47, 2473 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bohemen, S.M.C.: Modeling start curves of bainite formation. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42, 285 (2009).Google Scholar
van Bohemen, S.M.C. and Sietsma, J.: The kinetics of bainite and martensite formation in steels during cooling. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527, 6672 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidhu, G., Bhole, S.D., Chen, D.L., and Essadiqi, E.: An improved model for bainite formation at isothermal temperatures. Scr. Mater. 64, 73 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S., Zhu, R., Karaman, I., and Arróyave, R.: Development of a kinetic model for bainitic isothermal transformation in transformation-induced plasticity steels. Acta Mater. 61, 2884 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, X.J., Min, N., Zheng, K.Y., and Hsu, T.Y.: The effect of austenite deformation on bainite formation in an alloyed eutectoid steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 438, 170 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gong, W., Tomota, Y., Harjo, S., Su, Y.H., and Aizawa, K.: Effect of prior martensite on bainite transformation in nanobainite steel. Acta Mater. 85, 243 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarro-López, A., Sietsma, J., and Santofimia, M.J.: Effect of prior athermal martensite on the isothermal transformation kinetics below Ms in a low-C high-Si steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47, 1028 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toji, Y., Matsuda, H., and Raabe, D.: Effect of Si on the acceleration of bainite transformation by pre-existing martensite. Acta Mater. 116, 250 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, H., Zhu, K., Zhao, L., and van der Zwaag, S.: Analysis of transformation stasis during the isothermal bainitic ferrite formation in Fe–C–Mn and Fe–C–Mn–Si alloys. Acta Mater. 61, 5458 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambers, H.G., Tschumak, S., Maier, H.J., and Canadinc, D.: Role of austenitization and pre-deformation on the kinetics of the isothermal bainitic transformation. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 40, 1355 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, M., Park, G., Jung, J-G., Kim, B-H., and Lee, Y-K.: The effects of annealing temperature and cooling rate on carbide precipitation behavior in H13 hot-work tool steel. J. Alloys Compd. 627, 359 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LePera, F.S.: Improved etching technique to emphasize martensite and bainite in high-strength dual-phase steel. JOM 32, 38 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesquita, R.A., Barbosa, C.A., Morales, E.V., and Kestenbach, H.J.: Effect of silicon on carbide precipitation after tempering of H11 hot work steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42, 461 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujita, N. and Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H.: Modelling simultaneous alloy carbide sequence in power plant steels. ISIJ Int. 42, 760 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H., Kang, J-Y., Son, D., Lee, T-H., and Cho, K-M.: Evolution of carbides in cold-work tool steels. Mater. Charact. 107, 376 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angang, N., Hanjie, G., Xichun, C., and Mingbo, W.: Precipitation behaviors and strengthening of carbides in H13 steel during annealing. Mater. Trans. 56, 581 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tszeng, T.C.: Autocatalysis in bainite transformations. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 293, 185 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Bohemen, S.M.C.: Autocatalytic nature of the bainitic transformation in steels: A new hypothesis. Philos. Mag. 93, 388 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z.Q., Miyamoto, G., Yang, Z.G., and Furuhara, T.: Direct measurement of carbon enrichment during austenite to ferrite transformation in hypoeutectoid Fe–2Mn–C alloys. Acta Mater. 61, 3120 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia-Mateo, C. and Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H.: Nucleation theory for high-carbon bainite. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 378, 289 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, L.C. and Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H.: Austenite films in bainitic microstructures. Mater. Sci. Technol. 11, 874 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S.J., Park, J.S., and Lee, Y.K.: Effect of austenite grain size on the transformation kinetics of upper and lower bainite in a low-alloy steel. Scr. Mater. 59, 87 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohemen, S.M.C.V. and Hanlon, D.N.: A physically based approach to model the incomplete bainitic transformation in high-Si steels. Int. J. Mater. Res. 103, 987 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HajyAkbary, F., Sietsma, J., Miyamoto, G., Furuhara, T., and Santofimia, M.J.: Interaction of carbon partitioning, carbide precipitation and bainite formation during the Q&P process in a low C steel. Acta Mater. 104, 72 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravi, A.M., Sietsma, J., and Santofimia, M.J.: Exploring bainite formation kinetics distinguishing grain-boundary and autocatalytic nucleation in high and low-Si steels. Acta Mater. 105, 155 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar