Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T12:46:06.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Precipitation and austenite reversion behavior of a maraging steel produced by selective laser melting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2014

Eric A. Jägle ,
Pyuck-Pa Choi ,
Jan Van Humbeeck  and
Dierk Raabe
Eric A. Jägle*
Affiliation:
Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
Pyuck-Pa Choi
Affiliation:
Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
Jan Van Humbeeck
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
Dierk Raabe
Affiliation:
Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: e.jaegle@mpie.de
Get access

Abstract

Materials produced by selective laser melting (SLM) experience a thermal history that is markedly different from that encountered by conventionally produced materials. In particular, a very high cooling rate from the melt is combined with cyclical reheating upon deposition of subsequent layers. Using atom-probe tomography (APT), we investigated how this nonconventional thermal history influences the phase-transformation behavior of maraging steels (Fe–18Ni–9Co–3.4Mo–1.2Ti) produced by SLM. We found that despite the “intrinsic heat treatment” and the known propensity of maraging steels for rapid clustering and precipitation, the material does not show any sign of phase transformation in the as-produced state. Upon aging, three different types of precipitates, namely (Fe,Ni,Co)3(Ti,Mo), (Fe,Ni,Co)3(Mo,Ti), and (Fe,Ni,Co)7Mo6 (µ phase), were observed as well as martensite-to-austenite reversion around regions of the retained austenite. The concentration of the newly formed phases as quantified by APT closely matches thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 29 , Issue 17: Focus Issue: The Materials Science of Additive Manufacturing , 14 September 2014 , pp. 2072 - 2079
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Sha, W. and Guo, Z.: Maraging Steels: Modelling of Microstructure, Properties and Applications (Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, D., Meiners, W., Wissenbach, K., and Poprawe, R.: Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: Materials, processes and mechanisms. Int. Mater. Rev. 57(3), 133–164 (2012).Google Scholar
Kruth, J-P., Levy, G., Klocke, F., and Childs, T.H.C.: Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 56(2), 730–759 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, B., Zhou, Y., Smugeresky, J.E., Schoenung, J.M., and Lavernia, E.J.: Thermal behavior and microstructure evolution during laser deposition with laser-engineered net shaping: Part II. Experimental investigation and discussion. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 39(9), 2237–2245 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, B., Zhou, Y., Smugeresky, J.E., Schoenung, J.M., and Lavernia, E.J.: Thermal behavior and microstructural evolution during laser deposition with laser-engineered net shaping: Part I. Numerical calculations. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 39(9), 2228–2236 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempen, K., Yasa, E., Thijs, L., Kruth, J-P., and Van Humbeeck, J.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted 18Ni-300 steel. Phys. Procedia 12, 255–263 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, L., Mei, J., Liang, J., and Wu, X.: Influence of position and laser power on thermal history and microstructure of direct laser fabricated Ti–6Al–4V samples. Mater. Sci. Technol. 21(5), 597–605 (2005).Google Scholar
Shekhter, A., Aaronson, H., and Miller, M.: Effect of aging and deformation on the microstructure and properties of Fe-Ni-Ti maraging steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35A(3), 973–983 (2004).Google Scholar
Pereloma, E.V., Stohr, R.A., Miller, M.K., and Ringer, S.P.: Observation of precipitation evolution in Fe-Ni-Mn-Ti-Al maraging steel by atom probe tomography. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 40(13), 3069–3075 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, R.F., Eash, J.T., and Goldman, A.J.: 18% nickel maraging steel. Trans. ASM 55, 58–76 (1962).Google Scholar
Decker, R.F.: Source Book on Maraging Steels (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1979).Google Scholar
Sha, W., Cerezo, A., and Smith, G.: Phase chemistry and precipitation reactions in maraging steels: Part I. Introduction and study of Co-containing C-300 steel. Metall. Trans. A 24(6), 1221–1232 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sha, W., Cerezo, A., and Smith, G.: Phase chemistry and precipitation reactions in maraging steels: Part III. Model alloys. Metall. Trans. A 24(6), 1241–1249 (1993).Google Scholar
Sha, W., Cerezo, A., and Smith, G.: Phase chemistry and precipitation reactions in maraging steels: Part IV. Discussion and conclusions. Metall. Trans. A 24(6), 1251–1256 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasudevan, V., Kim, S., and Wayman, C.: Precipitation reactions and strengthening behavior in 18 wt pct nickel maraging steels. Metall. Trans. A 21A(10), 2655 (1990).Google Scholar
Tewari, R., Mazumder, S., Batra, I.S., Dey, G.K., and Banerjee, S.: Precipitation in 18 wt% Ni maraging steel of grade 350. Acta Mater. 48(5), 1187–1200 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servant, C. and Bouzid, N.: Influence of the increasing content of Mo on the precipitation phenomena occurring during tempering in the maraging alloy Fe-12Mn-9Co-5Mo. Acta Metall. 36(10), 2771–2778 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lecomte, J.B., Servant, C., and Cizeron, G.: A comparison of the structural evolution occurring during anisothermal or isothermal treatments in the case of nickel and manganese type maraging alloys. J. Mater. Sci. 20 3339–3352 (1985).Google Scholar
Viswanathan, U., Dey, G., and Asundi, M.: Precipitation hardening in 350 grade maraging steel. Metall. Trans. A 24A(11), 2429 (1993).Google Scholar
Rao, M.N.: Progress in understanding the metallurgy of 18% nickel maraging steels. Int. J. Mater. Res. 97(11), 1594–1607 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquis, E.A. and Hyde, J.M.: Applications of atom-probe tomography to the characterisation of solute behaviours. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 69(4–5), 37–62 (2010).Google Scholar
Gault, B., Moody, M.P., Cairney, J.M., and Ringer, S.P.: Atom Probe Microscopy, Springer Series in Materials Science (Springer Verlag, New York, 2012), Vol. 160.Google Scholar
Larson, D., Prosa, T., and Kelly, T.: Local Electrode Atom Probe Tomography - A User’s Guide (Springer, New York, NY, 2013).Google Scholar
Hellman, O.: Analysis of three-dimensional atom-probe data by the proximity histogram. Microsc. Microanal. 6 437–444 (2000).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephenson, L.T., Moody, M.P., Gault, B., and Ringer, S.P.: Nearest neighbour diagnostic statistics on the accuracy of APT solute cluster characterisation. Philos. Mag. 93(8), 975–989 (2013).Google Scholar
Dmitrieva, O., Ponge, D., Inden, G., Millán, J., Choi, P., Sietsma, J., and Raabe, D.: Chemical gradients across phase boundaries between martensite and austenite in steel studied by atom probe tomography and simulation. Acta Mater. 59(1), 364–374 (2011).Google Scholar
Supplementary material: Image

Supplementary Material

Supplementary information supplied by authors.

Download Supplementary Material(Image)
Image 710.3 KB