Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T01:47:26.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An investigation into the depth and time dependent behavior of UV cured 3D ink jet printed objects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 February 2017

X. Chen ,
I.A. Ashcroft ,
C.J. Tuck ,
Y.F. He ,
R.J.M. Hague  and
R.D. Wildman
X. Chen
Affiliation:
Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
I.A. Ashcroft
Affiliation:
Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
C.J. Tuck*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
Y.F. He
Affiliation:
Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
R.J.M. Hague
Affiliation:
Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
R.D. Wildman
Affiliation:
Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: Christopher.Tuck@nottingham.ac.uk
Get access

Abstract

An ultra-violet (UV) curable ink jet 3D printed material was characterized by an inverse finite element modeling (IFEM) technique employing a nonlinear viscoelastic–viscoplastic (NVEVP) material constitutive model; this methodology was compared directly with nanoindentation tests. The printed UV cured ink jet material properties were found to be z-depth dependent owing to the sequential layer-by-layer deposition approach. With further post-UV curing, the z-depth dependence was weakened but properties at all depths were influenced by the duration of UV exposure, indicating that none of the materials within the samples had reached full cure during the 3D printing process. Effects due to the proximity of an indentation to the 3D printed material material-sample fixing interface, and the different mounting material, in a test sample were examined by direct 3D finite element simulation and shown to be insignificant for experiments performed at a distance greater than 20 µm from the interface.

Keywords

nano-indentationpolymerizationink jet printing
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 32 , Issue 8 , 28 April 2017 , pp. 1407 - 1420
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contributing Editor: Paolo Colombo

References

REFERENCES

Kruth, J-P., Leu, M.C., and Nakagawa, T.: Progress in additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping. CIRP Ann. 47, 525–540 (1998).Google Scholar
Gibson, I., Rosen, D., and Stucker, B.: Additive Manufacturing Technologies 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing (Springer, New York, 2010); pp. 63–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hue, L.P.: Progress and trends in ink-jet printing technology. J. Imaging Sci. Technol. 42(1), 49–62 (1998).Google Scholar
Vafaei, S., Tuck, C., Wildman, R., and Ashcroft, I.: Spreading of the nanofluid triple line in ink jet printed electronics tracks. Addit. Manuf. 11, 77–84 (2016).Google Scholar
Gunasekera, D.H., Kuek, S., Hasanai, D., He, Y., Tuck, C., Croft, A.K., and Wildman, R.D.: Three dimensional ink-jet printing of biomaterials using ionic liquids and co-solvents. Faraday Discuss. 190, 509 (2016).Google Scholar
He, Y., Tuck, C.J., Prina, E., Kilsby, S., Christie, S.D.R., Edmondson, S., Hague, R.J.M., Rose, F.R.A., and Wildman, R.D.: A new photocrosslinkable polycaprolactone-based ink for three-dimensional inkjet printing. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part B 00B, 1–13 (2016).Google Scholar
Zhang, F., Tuck, C., Hague, R., He, Y., Saleh, E., Li, Y., Sturgess, C., and Wildman, R.: Inkjet printing of polyimide insulators for the 3D printing of dielectric materials for microelectronic applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 133, 43361(1-11) (2016).Google Scholar
He, Y., Wildman, R.D., Tuck, C.J., Christie, S.D.R., and Edmonson, S.: An investigation of the behavior of solvent based polycaprolactone ink for material jetting. Sci. Rep. 6, 20852 (2016).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Domingos, M., Intranuovo, F., Russo, T., De Santis, R., Gloria, A., Ambrosio, L., Ciurana, J., and Bartolo, P.: The first systematic analysis of 3D rapid prototyped poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds manufactured through BioCell printing: The effect of pore size and geometry on compressive mechanical behaviour and in vitro hMSC viability. Biofabrication 5(4), 045004(13 pp) (2013).Google Scholar
Patrício, T., Domingos, M., Gloria, A., D’Amora, U., Coelho, J.F., and Bártolo, P.J.: Fabrication and characterisation of PCL and PCL/PLA scaffolds for tissue engineering. Rapid Prototyping J. 20(2), 145–156 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, L.R., Li, S., Sturgess, C., Wildman, R., Jones, J.R., and Hayes, W.: 3D printing of biocompatible supramolecular polymers and their composites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 3115–3122 (2016).Google Scholar
Fathi, S. and Dickens, P.M.: Challenges in drop-on-drop deposition of reactive molten nylon materials for additive manufacturing. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 213, 84–93 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulkarni, R.B. and Manners, C.R.: Stereolithographic process of making a three-dimensional object, US6558606 B1, May 6, 2003.Google Scholar
Lee, M.P., Cooper, G.J.T., Hinkley, T., Gibson, G.M., Padgett, M.J., and Cronin, L.: Development of a 3D printer using scanning projection stereolithography. Sci. Rep. 5, 9875. (2015).Google Scholar
Cooke, M.N., Fisher, J.P., Dean, D., Rimnac, C., and Mikos, A.G.: Use of stereolithography to manufacture critical-sized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part B 64, 65–69 (2003).Google Scholar
Melchels, P.W., Feijen, J., and Grijpm, D.W.: A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials 31, 6121–6130 (2010).Google Scholar
Dao, M., Chollacoop, N., Van Vliet, K.J., Venkatesh, T.A., and Suresh, S.: Computational modeling of the forward and reverse problems in instrumented sharp indentation. Acta Mater. 49, 3899–3918 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, J., Niu, X.Y., and Shu, X.F.: Reverse analysis for determining the mechanical properties of zeolite ferrierite crystal. J. Nanomater., 2008, 395738 (2008).Google Scholar
Hernandez, C., Maranon, A., Ashcroft, I.A., and Cases-Rodriguez, J.P.: An inverse problem for the characterization of dynamic material model parameters from a single SHPB test. Procedia Eng. 10, 1603–1608 (2011).Google Scholar
Rauchs, G. and Bardon, J.: Identification of elasto-viscoplastic material parameters by indentation testing and combined finite element modeling and numerical optimization. Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 47, 653–667 (2011).Google Scholar
Hernandez, C., Maranon, A., Ashcroft, I.A., and Casas-Rodriguez, J.P.: A computational determination of the Cowper-Symonds parameters from a single Taylor test. Appl. Math. Model. 37, 4698–4708 (2013).Google Scholar
Hamzah, M., Subit, D., Boruah, S., Forman, J., Crandall, J., Ito, D., Ejima, S., Kamiji, K., and Yasuki, T.: An inverse finite element approach for estimating the fiber orientations in intercostal muscles. Presented at the IRCOBI Conference 2013, IRC-13-88, pp. 722–733.Google Scholar
Clifford, C.A. and Seah, M.P.: Modeling of nanomechanical nanoindentation measurements using an AFM or nanoindenter for compliant layers on stiffer substrates. Nanotechnology 17, 5283–5292 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerday, A., Clement, N., Jacques, P., Pardoen, T., Habaken, A., and Nihon, G.K.: Inverse modeling of nanoindentation tests to identify Ti-555 behavior. Presented at the World Conference on Titanium; Ti-2007 Science and Technology; JIMIC5, 507–510.Google Scholar
Wang, J. and Ovaer, T.C.: Computational mechanical property determination of viscoelastic/plastic materials from nanoindentation creep test data. J. Mater. Res. 24, 1245–1257 (2009).Google Scholar
Zlamal, P., Jirousek, O., Kytyr, D., and Doktor, T.: Indirect determination of material model parameters for single trabecula based on nanoindentation and three-point bending test. Presented at the 18th International Conference, Engineering Mechanics, Svratka, Czech Republic, 2012, pp. 394–395.Google Scholar
Abyaneh, M.H., Wildman, R.D., Ashcroft, I.A., and Ruiz, P.D.: A hybrid approach to determining cornea mechanical properties in vivo, using a combination of nano-indentation and inverse finite element analysis. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 27, 239–248 (2013).Google Scholar
Chen, X., Ashcroft, I., Wildman, R., and Tuck, C.: An inverse analysis method for the depth profiling and characterisation of 3D printed objects. Proc. R. Soc. A 471, 20150477 (2015).Google Scholar
Sheats, J.R., Diamond, J.J., and Smitht, J.M.: Photochemistry in strongly absorbing media. J. Phys. Chem. 92, 4922–4938 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y. and Huglin, M.B.: Effective crosslinking densities and elastic moduli of some physically crosslinked hydrogels. Polymer 36, 1715–1718 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milman, Y.V., Golubenko, А.А., and Dub, S.N.: Indentation size effect in nanohardness. Acta Mater. 59, 7480–7487 (2011).Google Scholar