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² Potholm, Christian P., ‘The Multiple Roles of the Police as Seen in the African Context’, The Journal of Developing Areas (Macomb, IL), 3, 01 1969, PP. 139–58.Google Scholar

³ Ibid. P. 157.

⁴ The Economist (London), 12–18 11 1994, P. 88.Google Scholar

⁵ Lee, J. M., African Armies and Civil Order (London, 1969), P. 2.Google Scholar

⁵ Bienen, Henry, ‘The Initial Involvement: public order and the military in Africa’, in , Bienen (ed.), The Military Intervenes: case studies in political development (New York, 1968), P. 37.Google Scholar For examples of the breakdown of civil society, see Sandbrook, Richard, ‘Patrons, Clients and Factions: new dimensions of conflict analysis in Africa’, in Canadian Journal of African Studies (Toronto), 03 1972, p. 109: ‘Where a society's impersonal legal guarantees of physical security, status and wealth are relatively wea or non-existent individuals seek personal substitutes by attaching themselves to “big men” capable of providing protection and even advancement.’Google Scholar

⁷ The Guardinan (London), 8 12 1994.Google Scholar

⁸ For a discussion of the complexity of ‘security’ as a phenomenon, see Sayigh, Yezid, Confronting the 1990s: security in the developing countries (London, 1990), Adelphi Paper No. 251.Google Scholar

⁹ Lee, op. cit. P. 185.

¹⁰ Quoted in Baynham, Simon, The Military and Politics in Nkrumah's Ghana (Boulder, CO, 1988), P. 53.Google Scholar

¹¹ The Guardian, 27 March 1995.Google Scholar For brief details of policing in Burundi in 1990s, see Lemarchand, René, Burundi: ethnocide as discourse and practice (Cambridge, 1994), PP. 109–10.Google Scholar

¹² The Daily Telegraph (London), 5 01 1995.Google Scholar

¹³ Quoted in Cohen, Robin and Goulbourne, Harry, Democracy and Socialism in Africa (Boulder and Oxford, 1991), P. 125.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Bienen, loc. cit. p. 35.

¹⁵ Baynham, op. cit. p. 239.

¹⁶ Samuel Decalo discusses the many specific sources of political power, amalgamating legitimacy, coercion, and personal ambition, in his Coups and Army Rule in Africa: motivations and constraints (New Haven and London, 1990).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Bratton and van de Walle, loc. cit. p. 29.

¹⁸ Hyden, Goran, ‘Governance and the Study of Politics’, in Hyden, and Bratton, (eds.), op. cit. p. 24.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Khadiagala, Gilbert M., ‘Uganda's Domestic and Regional Security Since the 1970s’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 31, 2, 02 1993, PP. 231–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁰ John A. Wiseman, ‘Leadership and Personal Danger in African Politics’, in ibid. 31, 4, December 1993, P. 659.

²¹ Bank, World, Demobilization and Reintegration of Military Personnel in Africa: the evidence from seven country case studies (New York, 1993), p. 22.Google Scholar

²² The Daily Telegraph, 25 March 1994.Google Scholar

²³ Interview with Soper, L. A. G., Director of Overseas Police Studies, The Police Staff College, Bramshill, Hampshire, 17 August 1994.Google Scholar

²⁴ Tripp, Ailil Mari, ‘Local Organizations, Participation, and the State in Urban Tanzania’, in Hyden, and Bratton, (eds.), op. cit. p. 235, discusses the situation in the early 1990s and comments that ‘Local security has been … [an] area in Tanzania where people's inability to rely on the state apparatus led to the formation of independent security teams, even in the urban areas.’Google Scholar

²⁵ See, for example, The Economist, 22 October 1994, on Mozambique.Google Scholar

²⁶ Marenin, loc. cit. p. 3898.

²⁷ See, for example, Brogden, Mike and Shearing, Clifford, Policing for a New South Africa (London and New York, 1993),Google Scholar and Cawthra, Gavin, Policing South Africa: the South Africa Police and the transition from apartheid (London, Atlantic Highlands, NJ, and Cape Town, 1993).Google Scholar

²⁸ Tamuno, Tekena N., The Police in Modern Nigeria, 1861–1965: origins, development and role (Ibdan, 1970) is the earliest major study.Google Scholar See also, Ahire, Philip Terdoo, Imperial Policing: the emergence and role of the police in colonial Nigeria, 1860–1960 (Milton Keynes, 1991).Google Scholar

²⁹ Nathan, Laurie, Marching to a Different Drum–Formation of the Namibian Police and Defence Force (Bellville, University of the Western Cape, 1990).Google Scholar

³⁰ The Guardian, 9 December 1994. The chairman of the Namibian subsidiary of the large South African corporation that was building a casino was reportedly the brother-in-law of the President, and the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) was alleged to have a substantial share-holding.Google Scholar

³¹ The black inspector-general of the Namibian police has been on the overseas command course in Britian, where the Police Staff College has also provided a short course for ten senior Namibian officers on the theme of ‘Policing a Democratic Society’. Five were white and five were balck ex-freedom fighters who had previously trained in Romania and fought in Angola.

³² Pacey, A. H., Davey, T. B., and Blakey, D. C., White Paper on Future Training Needs of the Nigeria Police Force (Lagos, 1982), P. 6.Google Scholar

³³ Ibid. p. 9.

³⁴ Pacey, A. H., The Nigerial Police, Future Training Needs. Report on Reconnaissance Visit (Lagos, 01 1988), P. 5.Google Scholar