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⁸ Shamuyarira said simply: ‘It's difficult to defeat ZANU PF because it's a party that struggled for independence. It will be a long time until that's forgotten’. ZBC ‘Election 1995’, 7 April 1995.

⁹ Sylvester, Christine, ‘Unities and Disunities in Zimbabwe's 1990 Election’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 28, 3, 09 1990, pp. 375–400.Google Scholar See a related discussion in Moyo, Jonathan N., Voting for Democracy: electoral politics in Zimbabwe (Harare, 1992), ch. 2.Google Scholar

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¹² The Minister of Mines, Eddison Zvogbo, speaking on ZBC ‘Election 1995’, 5 April 1995.

¹³ Ibid. ZANU PF's election manifesto, however, says nothing about Esap.

¹⁴ The Deputy Secretary in the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, Sydney Mhishi, reported that 31,000 workers had been retrenched since Esap was launched in 1991, but, intended as a compensation, ‘more than 10,000 retrenchees have been trained to start their own businesses’, and ‘far more new jobs are being created, 66,100 in the formal sector’. See ‘Esap Creates More New Jobs Than Retrenchments’, in The Herald (Harare), 3 04 1995 p. 1.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Bratton, Michael, ‘Micro-Democracy? The Merger of Farmer Unions in Zimbabwe’, in African Studies Review (Atlanta), 37, 1, 1994, pp. 9–38.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Mandaza, loc. cit. p. 32, emphasis in original.

³⁹ Makumbe, ‘Are Primary Elections Democratic?’, pp. 6–7.

⁴⁰ Joshua Nkomo decided not to run for a constituency-based parliamentary seat, and Simon Muzenda was unopposed in Gutu North.

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⁴⁴ Stan Mudenge was appointed to the Cabinet after the elections as Minister of Foreign Affairs, replacing Nathan Shamuyarira who was made Minister of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare.

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⁴⁹ Upon the appointment of the ‘new’ Cabinet following the elections, an editorial in The Financial Gazette (Harare), 21 04 1995, p. 4, charged that Mugabe ‘let a great chance go begging. He has kept faith with his old team, comprising mostly friends he is unwilling to disappoint…He has missed an opportunity to inject fresh blood into his team’.Google Scholar

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