^{Page 367 note 1} Coleman, James S., Policy Research in the Social Sciences (Morristown, N.J., 1972), pp. 1 and 9.Google Scholar

^{Page 367 note 2} Easton, David, ‘Political Anthropology’, in Siegel, Bernard J. (ed.), Biennial Review of Anthropology, 1959 (Stanford, 1959), pp. 210–62.Google Scholar

^{Page 367 note 3} Cf. Owusu, Maxwell, ‘Comparative Politics, History and Political Anthropology’, in Maxwell, Owusu (ed.), Colonialism and Change: essays presented to Lucy Mair (The Hague, 1974), pp. 25–65.Google Scholar

^{Page 368 note 1} Cohen, Abner, ‘Political Anthropology: the analysis of the symbolism of power relations’, in Man (London), IV, 06 1969, pp. 215–35.Google Scholar

^{Page 368 note 2} Kuhn, Thomas S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1970 edn.), p. 215.Google Scholar

^{Page 368 note 3} Maquet, Jacques, ‘The Cultural Units of Africa: a classificatory problem’, in Douglas, M. T. and Kaberry, P. M. (eds.), Man in Africa (London, 1969), p. 6.Google Scholar

^{Page 368 note 4} Easton, loc. cit.

^{Page 369 note 1} Mair, Lucy, Anthropology and Social Change (London, 1969), pp. 2 and 16.Google Scholar

^{Page 369 note 2} Indirect rule was a policy characterised by paternalism on the part of the British, and subservience on the part of subject peoples, and was derived from an ideology of racial and cultural differences. As Margery Perham pointed out in The Colonial Reckoning (London and New York, 1962), pp. 68–9:Google Scholar ‘the principle behind indirect rule was that of differentiation. Certainly the vast numbers of newly-annexed Africans looked different enough from Europeans. But they were not inherently, permanently different.’ She was quick to add that ‘while with one hand [colonial] government was trying to preserve and control tribal society, with the other it was opening Africa to economic and other forces which were bound to undermine it.’ See Dorward, D. C., ‘Ethnography and Administration: a study of Anglo-Tiv “working misunderstanding”’, in The Journal of African History (Cambridge), xv, 3, 1974, pp. 457–77,CrossRefGoogle Scholar for a telling account of the conceptual models which influenced European perceptions of Tiv society.

^{Page 369 note 3} Perham, op. cit. pp. 142–3.

^{Page 370 note 1} Meyer, Fortes and Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (eds.), African Political Systems (London, 1940), p. 1.Google Scholar

^{Page 370 note 2} Coleman, op. cit. p. 2.

^{Page 370 note 3} For a more detailed discussion of this problem, see Owusu, Maxwell, ‘Colonial and Post-Colonial Anthropology of Africa: scholarship or sentiment?’, in Arens, W. (ed.), A Century of Change in East and Central Africa (The Hague, 1974).Google Scholar

^{Page 370 note 4} Evans-Pritchard, E. E., ‘Applied Anthropology’, in Africa (London), XVI, 2, 04 1946, p. 93.Google Scholar

^{Page 371 note 1} Beattie, John, Understanding an African Kingdom: Bunyoro (London, 1965), p. 9.Google Scholar

^{Page 371 note 2} Leach, Edmund, Political Systems of Highland Burma (Boston, 1964), p. xiv.Google Scholar

^{Page 371 note 3} Leach, Edmund, Pul Eliya, a Village in Ceylon: a study of land tenure and kinship (Cambridge, 1961), p. 305.Google Scholar

^{Page 371 note 4} Fortes and Evans-Pritchard, op. cit.

^{Page 372 note 1} See John, Middleton and David, Tait (eds.), Tribes Without Rulers: studies in African segmentary systems (London, 1958);Google Scholar and Brown, Paula, ‘Patterns of Authority in West Africa’, in Africa, XXI, 4, 1951, pp. 261–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{Page 372 note 2} Mair, op. cit. p. 116.

^{Page 373 note 1} See, for instance, the last five chapters of De Gregori, Thomas R., Technology and the Economic Development of the Tropical African Frontier (Cleveland and London, 1969).Google Scholar Ernest Geilner argues that ‘the uneven difliasion’ of modernisation and industrialisation not only produces economic and political ‘nationalism’, but also creates acute cleavages of interest between ‘the more and less advanced’ populations. Thought and Change (Chicago, 1965),Google Scholar particularly chs. 6 and 7.

^{Page 373 note 2} See Almond, Gabriel A. and Powell, G. Bingham Jr, Comparative Politics: a developmental approach (Boston, 1966).Google Scholar

^{Page 373 note 3} Apter, David, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, 1965),Google Scholar and Choice and the Politics of Allocation (New Haven and London, 1971).Google Scholar

^{Page 373 note 4} Mair, op. cit. pp. 20–2.

^{Page 374 note 1} See David, Brokensha and Marion, Pearlsall (eds.), The Anthropology of Development in SubSaharan Africa (Lexington, 1969);Google Scholar and Uchendu, Victor, ‘Priority Issues for Social Anthropological Research in Africa in the Next Two Decades’, in Carter, Gwendolen M. and Ann, Paden (eds.), Expanding Horizons in African Studies (Evanston, 1969), pp. 3–25.Google Scholar

^{Page 374 note 2} Fallers, Lloyd, ‘Political Sociology and the Anthropological Study of African Polities’, in Archives européennes de sociologie (Paris), IV, 2, 1963, p. 328.Google Scholar

^{Page 374 note 3} Weingrod, Alex, ‘Political Sociology, Social Anthropology and the Study of New Nations’, in British Journal of Sociology (London), XVIII, 2, 06 1967, p. 123.Google Scholar

^{Page 374 note 4} Leys, Colin, Politicians and Policies: an essay on politics in Acholi, Uganda, 1962–65 (Nairobi, 1967), p. v.Google Scholar

^{Page 374 note 5} See the interesting discussions of populism in Africa and Latin America in Ghita, lonescu and Ernest, Geliner (eds.), Populism (New York, 1969).Google Scholar

^{Page 375 note 1} See Bailey, F. G., ‘Decisions by Consensus in Councils and Committees, with Special Reference to Village and Local Government in India’, in Michael, Banton (ed.), Political Systems and the Distribution of Power (New York, 1965), pp. 1–20.Google Scholar The recent collection of essays, Audrey, Richards and Adam, Kuper (eds.), Councils in Action (Cambridge, 1971),Google Scholar concerned with a comparative study of institutionalised and ‘unauthoritative’ political decision-making processes in African and English societies, is a welcome addition to the growing interest of anthropologists in policy analysis.

^{Page 375 note 2} Bienen, Henry, ‘What does Political Development mean in Africa?’, in World Politics (Princeton), xx, I, 1967, p. 136.Google Scholar

^{Page 375 note 3} Cohen, Ronald, ‘Anthropology and Political Science: courtship or marriage?’, in Lipset, Seymour M. (ed.), Politics and the Social Sciences (London, 1969), p. 45.Google Scholar

^{Page 376 note 1} See Balandier, Georges, Political Anthropology (New York, 1970),Google Scholar passim, for his ‘village Communities’.

^{Page 376 note 2} Good, Robert C., ‘Changing Patterns of African International Relations’, in The American Political Science Review (Menasha), LVIII, 3, 09 1964, p. 638.Google Scholar

^{Page 377 note 1} See, for example, Vincent, Joan, African Elite: the big men of a small town (New York, 1971);Google ScholarHopkins, Nicholas, Popular Government in an African Town: Kita, Mali (Chicago, 1972);Google Scholar and also Owusu, Maxwell, Uses and Abuses of Political Power: a case study of continuity and change in the politics of Ghana (Chicago and London, 1970).Google Scholar

^{Page 377 note 2} Snyder, Richard C., ‘A Decision-Making Approach to the Study of Political Phenomena’, in Roland, Young (ed.), Approaches to the Study of Politics (Evanston, 1958), pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

^{Page 377 note 3} Swartz, Marc J., Turner, Victor W., and Arthur, Tuden (eds.), Political Anthropology (Chicago, 1966), p. 7.Google Scholar

^{Page 377 note 4} See Stagner, Ross, Psychological Aspects of International Conflict (Belmont, 1967),Google Scholar and Harold, and Sprout, Margaret, The Ecological Perspective on Human Affairs (Princeton, 1965),Google Scholar for interesting discussions of the effects of perceived milieux on decisions.

^{Page 378 note 1} Bailey, loc. cit. pp. 1–20.

^{Page 379 note 1} See Maxwell Owusu, op. cit. especially ch. 7, for a Ghanaian case-study of the actual processes involved in linking different levels of decisional units.

^{Page 380 note 1} For an interesting and timely discussion of the resurgent concern with policy analysis in political science, see Easton, David, ‘The New Revolution in Political Science’, in The American Political Science Review, LXIII, 4, 12 1969, pp. 1051–61;CrossRefGoogle ScholarAnderson, Charles W., ‘Comparative Policy Analysis: the design of measures’, in Comparative Politics (New York), IV, I, 10 1971, pp. 117–31;Google Scholar and also Bauer, Raymond A. and Gergen, Kenneth J. (eds.), The Study of Policy Formation (New York, 1971).Google Scholar

^{Page 380 note 2} See Myrdal, Gunnar, ‘Political Factors in Economic Assistance’, in Scientific American (New York), 226, 4, 04 1972, pp. 15–21,Google Scholar for a brilliant discussion of these dependencecreating factors. Myrdal argues that the decrease in truly beneficial aid from the western powers to poor countries could be reversed by stressing moral rather thanpolitical and strategic considerations.

^{Page 381 note 1} ‘Tanzania Aid Without Strings?’, in Africa. An International Business, Economic, and Political Monthly (London), 04 1972, pp. 27–8.Google Scholar