Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-17T05:36:33.912Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Magnetic Sensors for Navigation Applications: An Overview

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2013

Wei Li  and
Jinling Wang
Wei Li
Affiliation:
(School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China) (School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Australia)
Jinling Wang*
Affiliation:
(School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Australia)
*
(Email: jinling.wang@unsw.edu.au)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper reviews currently existing electronic magnetic sensor technologies for navigation applications. Magnetic compasses have been used in navigation for centuries. The Earth's geomagnetic field is considered to provide accurate, reliable and economically available information for orientation. Meanwhile, modern magnetometers and compass calibration technologies have allowed the electronic compass to become a crucial navigation tool, even in times of modern satellite navigation using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Magnetic sensor technologies, error modelling and compensating approaches have been reviewed in this paper. Current trends and the outlook for future development of the electronic compass are analysed.

Keywords

Electronic CompassMagnetometerCompass Calibration
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Navigation , Volume 67 , Issue 2 , March 2014 , pp. 263 - 275
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acuña, M.H. (2002). Space-based magnetometers. Review of Scientific Instruments, 73(11), 3717–3736.Google Scholar
Afzal, M.H., Renaudin, V. and Lachapelle, G. (2011). Multi-magnetometer based perturbation mitigation for indoor orientation estimation. Navigation, 58(4), 279–292.Google Scholar
Baschirotto, A., Dallago, E., Malcovati, P., Marchesi, M. and Venchi, G. (2007). A fluxgate magnetic sensor: from PCB to micro-Integrated technology. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 56(1), 25–31.Google Scholar
Bowditch, N. (1984). The American Practical Navigator. Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center, Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Brown, A. and Lu, Y. (2004). Performance test results of an integrated GPS/MEMS inertial navigation package. Proceedings of ION GNSS Conference, Long Beach, CA.Google Scholar
Budker, D. and Romalis, M.V. (2007). Optical Magnetometry. Nature Physics, 3, 227–234.Google Scholar
Bulatowicz, M. and Larsen, M. (2012). Compact Atomic Magnetometer for Global Navigation (NAV-CAM). Proceedings of IEEE/ION PLANS 2012, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.Google Scholar
Caruso, M. J., Bratland, T., Smith, C. H. and Schneider, R. (1998). A new perspective on magnetic field sensing. Sensors Magazine, 15(12), 34–45.Google Scholar
Caruso, M.J. (1997). Applications of Magnetoresistive Sensors in Navigation Systems. SAE Technical Paper 970602, doi: 10.4271/970602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerman, A., Kuna, A., Ripka, P. and Merayo, J.M.G. (2005). Digitalization of highly precise fluxgate magnetometers. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 121(2), 421–429.Google Scholar
Dickman, J. and de Haag, M.U. (2009). Aircraft heading for dead reckoning applications using Airborne Laser Scanner range measurements. 2009 IEEE Aerospace conference, Big Sky, MT.Google Scholar
Duda, R. and Hart, P. (1973). Pattern classification and scene analysis, Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Felski, A. (1999). Application of the least square method for determining the magnetic compass deviation. The Journal of Navigation, 52(3), 388–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, C. and Elkaim, G. (2008). Extension of a two-step calibration methodology to include nonorthogonal sensor axes. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 44(3), 1070–1078.Google Scholar
Gebre-Egziabher, D., Elkaim, G., Powell, J. and Parkinson, B. (2001). A non-linear, two-step estimation algorithm for calibrating solid-state strap down magnetometers, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Integrated Navigation systems, St. Petersburg, Russia.Google Scholar
Gebre-Egziabher, D., Elkaim, G., Powell, J. and Parkinson, B. (2006). Calibration of strap down magnetometers in magnetic field domain. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 19(2), 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gebre-Egziabher, D. (2007). Magnetometer auto calibration leveraging measurement locus constraints. Journal of Aircraft, 44(4), 1361–1368.Google Scholar
Glatzmaier, G.A. and Roberts, P.H. (1995). A three-dimensional self-consistent computer simulation of a geomagnetic field reversal. Nature, 377, 203–209.Google Scholar
Grant, G. A. and Klinkert, J. (1970). The ship's compass: including general magnetism, theory, practice and calculations relating to magnetic and gyro compasses. 2nd ed. Routledge and K. Paul, London.Google Scholar
Guo, P., Qiu, H., Yang, Y. and Ren, Z. (2008). The soft iron and hard iron calibration method using Extended Kalman Filter for Attitude and Heading Reference System. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium, Monterey, CA.Google Scholar
Han, S. and Wang, J. (2011). A novel method to integrate IMU and magnetometers in attitude and heading reference systems. Journal of Navigation, 64, 727–738.Google Scholar
Hauser, H., Stangl, G., Fallmann, W., Chabicovsky, R. and Riedling, K. (2000). Magnetoresistive Sensors, Proceedings of Preparation, Properties, and Applications of Thin Ferromagnetic Films Workshop, Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
Hine, A. (1968). Magnetic Compasses and Magnetometers. Adam Hilger LTD, London.Google Scholar
Hu, Y., Dun, Y. and Liu, J. (2010). Combined heading technology in vehicle location and navigation system, Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Sciences (ICSESS), Beijing, China.Google Scholar
Kao, W. and Tsai, C. (2006). Adaptive and learning calibration of magnetic compass. Measurement Science and Technology, 17(11), 3073–3082.Google Scholar
Lachapelle, G., Cannon, M.E., Lu, G. and Loncarevic, B. (1996). Ship borne GPS attitude determination during MMST-93. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 21(1), 100–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, J.E. (1990). A review of magnetic sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE, 78(6), 973–989.Google Scholar
Li, W. and Wang, J. (2013). Effective Adaptive Kalman Filter for MEMS-IMU/Magnetometers Integrated Attitude and Heading Reference Systems. Journal of Navigation, 66(1), 99–113.Google Scholar
Li, X. and Li, Z. (2012). A new calibration method for tri-axial field sensors in strap-down navigation systems. Measurement Science and technology, 23(10), 105–105.Google Scholar
Maus, S., Macmillan, S., McLean, S., Hamilton, B., Thomson, A., Nair, M. and Rollins, C. (2010). The US/UK World Magnetic Model for 2010–2015, NOAA Technical Report NESDIS/NGDC. http://www.ngdc.noaa.govGoogle Scholar
Moore, J. B. Jr. (1992). A Solution to the Classic Problem of a Magnetic Compass in a Steel Ship, Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Dayton, OH.Google Scholar
Moulin, M., Goudon, J., Marsy, J., Legendarme, B., Presset, R. and Dedreuil-Monnet, L. (1983). Process for compensating the magnetic disturbances in the determination of a magnetic heading, and devices for carrying out this process, United States Patent, Patent number: 4414753.Google Scholar
Ojeda, L. and Borenstein, J. (2000). Experimental results with the KVH C-100 fluxgate compass in mobile robots. Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Robotics and Applications, Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Ripka, P. (2003). Advances in fluxgate sensors. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 106, 8–14.Google Scholar
Ripka, P. (1992). Review of fluxgate sensors. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 33(3), 129–141.Google Scholar
Ripka, P. and Janosek, M. (2010). Advances in magnetic field sensors. IEEE Sensors Journal, 10(6), 1108–1116.Google Scholar
Robbes, D. (2006). Highly sensitive magnetometers: a review. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 129(1–2), 86–93.Google Scholar
Ruotsalainen, L., Kuusniemi, H. and Chen, R. (2010). Overview of methods for visual-aided pedestrian navigation. Proceedings of Ubiquitous Positioning Indoor Navigation and Location Based Service (UPINLBS), Kirkkonummi, Finland.Google Scholar
Skvortzov, V., Lee, H., Bang, S. and Lee, Y. (2007). Application of Electronic Compass for Mobile Robot in an Indoor Environment. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Roma, Italy.Google Scholar
Stork, T. (2000). Electronic compass design using KMZ51 and KMZ52, Philips Semiconductors Application Note, AN00022. http://www.semiconductors.philips.com.Google Scholar
Thomson, W. (1857). On the Electro-Dynamic Qualities of Metals: Effects of Magnetization on the Electric Conductivity of Nickel and of Iron. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 8, 546–550.Google Scholar
Trigo, G., Donas-Boto, D., Vilva, C. and Sanguino, J. (2011). Vehicle heading estimation using a two low-cost GPS receiver configuration. Proceedings of 2011 IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Budapest, Hungary.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasconcelos, J.F., Elkaim, G., Silvestre, C., Oliveira, P. and Cardeira, B. (2011). Geometric approach to strap down magnetometer calibration in sensor frame. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 47(2), 1293–1306.Google Scholar
Vcelak, J., Ripka, P., Kubik, J., Platil, A. and Kaspar, P. (2005). AMR navigation systems and methods of their calibration. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 123–124, 122–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yun, J., Ko, J. and Lee, J. (2008). An inexpensive and accurate absolute position sensor for driving assistance. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 57(4), 864–873.Google Scholar
Zorlu, O., Kejik, P. and Popovic, R. S. (2007). An orthogonal fluxgate-type magnetic micro sensor with electroplated Permalloy core. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 135(1), 43–49.Google Scholar