Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T10:17:27.535Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolution and phylogenetic classification of the Glossograptidae and Arienigraptidae (Graptoloidea): new data and remaining questions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Jörg Maletz  and
Charles E. Mitchell
Jörg Maletz
Affiliation:
Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17a, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
Charles E. Mitchell
Affiliation:
State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Geology, Box 603050, Buffalo 14260
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

New data on the proximal structure of several glossograptid species, including Paraglossograptus holmi, indicate that symmetry between sicula and the first theca is ubiquitous and primitive for the group. This isograptid symmetry is shared with species of Isograptus and Oncograptus, among others, as is a dicalycal second theca, and the initial downward growth of the first several thecal pairs. Consideration of these and other features of the rhabdosome structure leads us to reassess the phylogenetic relations among Glossograptus, Pseudisograptus, Isograptus, and their relatives. The Glossograptidae is a holophyletic clade comprising the common ancestor of Isograptus caduceus and I. victoriae and all its descendants, including the monopleural glossograptines. Incipient monopleural development is exhibited by the otherwise Isograptus-like Bergstroemograptus crawfordi. Derived glossograptids, such as Glossograptus and Kalpinograptus, share a fully monopleural rhabdosome with a prominent proximal bulge formed by the overlap of the early thecae. Contrary to some claims, none possesses a manubrium or manubrium-like structure. The manubrium and the arienigraptid suture are restricted to Arienigraptus hastatus and its descendants. These features unite the Arienigraptidae. The Arienigraptidae, based on their possession of isograptid symmetry and lack of any derived characters shared uniquely with the glossograptids, appear to be a sister group of the Glossograptidae rather than a stem group. These two families appear most closely allied to certain reclined, two-stiped species, such as Isograptus? dilemma, that retain tetragraptid proximal symmetry.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 70 , Issue 4 , July 1996 , pp. 641 - 655
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bates, D. E. B. 1987. The construction of graptolite rhabdosomes in the light of ultrastructural studies. Indian Journal of Geology, 59:1–28.Google Scholar
Bates, D. E. B., and Kirk, N. H. 1991. The ultrastructure, mode of construction and functioning of Ordovician retiolitid graptolites from the Viola Springs Formation, Oklahoma. Modern Geology, 15:131–286.Google Scholar
Beavis, F. C. 1972. The manubriate isograptids. Geological Magazine, 109:193–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1960. Graptolite faunas of the Marathon Region, West Texas. The University of Texas Publication, 6005:1–179.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, L. F. 1976. Graptolites from the Lower Ordovician Pogonip Group of western Utah. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 166:1–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1931. South American graptolites with special reference to the Nordenskjöld collection. Arkiv för Zoologi, 22A(3):1–111.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1938. On the structure of Oncograptus T. S. Hall. Geological Magazine, 73:271–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1944-1947. A monograph of the Caradoc (Balclatchie) Graptolites from limestones in Laggan Burn, Ayrshire. Palaeontographical Society Monographs, 1–78.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1955. Graptolithina, 101 p. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part V. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1968. The mode of development in Isograptus manubriatus (T. S. Hall). Geological Magazine, 105:211–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina, 163 p. In Teichert, C. (ed.). Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part V, 2nd edition. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas.Google Scholar
Chen, X. 1982. Early Ordovician Exigraptus and Glyptograptus from Xingan, N. Guangxi and the origin of biserial axonophorous graptolites. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 21:505–515.Google Scholar
Chen, X., and Finney, S. C. 1985. Isograptus and its descendant graptolites. Palaeontologia Cathayana, 2:87–95.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A. 1973. Taxonomy and evolution of Isograptus Moberg in Australasia. Palaeontology, 16:45–115.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A., and Fortey, R. A. 1982. The Ordovician graptolites of Spitsbergen. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology series, 36:157–302.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A., and Fortey, R. A. 1983. Development of the graptoloid rhabdosome. Alcheringa, 7:201–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. A., and Lindholm, K. 1985. The phylogenetic relationship of the graptolites Tetragraptus phyllograptoides and Pseudopkyllograptus cor. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 106:279–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. A., and McLaurin, A. N. 1974. Apiograptus gen. nov. and the origin of the biserial graptoloid rhabdosome. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 13:75–85.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A., and Yunan, Ni. 1986. Taxonomy, Phylogeny and variability of Pseudisograptus Beavis. Palaeontology, 29:313–363.Google Scholar
De Queiroz, K., and Gauthier, J. 1990. Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: phylogenetic definitions of taxon names. Systematic Zoology, 39:307–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekström, G. 1937. Upper Didymograptus shale in Scania. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Series C, Avhandlingar och Uppsatser, No. 403:1–53.Google Scholar
Elles, G. L. 1922. The graptolite faunas of the British Isles. Geological Association Proceedings, 33:168–200.Google Scholar
Emmons, E. 1855. American Geology. 194 p., Sprague, Albany, N.Y.Google Scholar
Finney, S. C. 1978. The affinities of Isograptus, Glossograptus, Cryptograptus, Corynoides, and allied graptolites. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 23:481–495.Google Scholar
Finney, S. C., and Xu, Chen. 1984. Bergstroemograptus n.gen. crawfordi (Harris) from the Ordovician of western Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 21:1194–1199.Google Scholar
Finney, S. C., and Jacobson, S. R. 1985. Flotation devices in planktic graptolites. Lethaia, 18:349–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1971. Tristichograptus, a triserial graptolite from the Lower Ordovician of Spitsbergen. Palaeontology, 14:188–199.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A., and Cooper, R. A. 1986. A phylogenetic classification of the graptoloids. Palaeontology, 29:631–654.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A., Harper, D. A. T., Ingham, J. K., Owen, A. W., and Rushton, A. W. A. 1995. A revision of Ordovician series and stages from the historical type area. Geological Magazine, 132:15–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadding, A. 1915. Om Glossograptus, Cryptograptus och tvenne dem närstående graptolitsläkten. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 37:303–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, T. S. 1914. Victorian graptolites, Part 4, Some new or little-known species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 27:104–118.Google Scholar
Nai-Ren, Han and Xu, Chen 1994. Regeneration in Cardiograptus. Lethaia, 27:117–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, W. J. 1916. The paleontological Sequence of the Lower Ordovician Rocks in the Castlemaine District. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 29:50–74.Google Scholar
Harris, W. J. 1933. Isograptus caduceus and its allies in Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series, 46:79–114.Google Scholar
Hopkinson, J., and Lapworth, C. 1875. Descriptions of the graptolites of the Arenig and Llandeilo rocks of St. David's Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 31:631–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsü, S. C. 1959. A new graptolite fauna from the Lower Ordovician shale of Tsaidam, Chinghui province. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 7:161–192.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1960. Graptoloids from the Ontikan and Viruan (Ordov.) Limestones of Estonia and Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Institute of the University of Uppsala, 38:289–366.Google Scholar
Jenkins, C. J. 1982. Isograptus gibberulus (Nicholson) and the isograptids of the Arenig Series (Ordovician) of England and Wales. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 44:219–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, N. P., Botsford, J. W., and Williams, S. H. 1987. Allochthonous slope sequence at Lobster Cove Head: evidence for a complex Middle Ordovician platform margin in western Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24:1199–1211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiao, X. 1977. Kalpinograptus, a new graptolite from the Saergan Formation in Kalpin of Xinjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 16:287–292.Google Scholar
Keller, B. M. 1956. Ordovician graptolites of the Chu-Iliyiski Mountains. Trudy geol. Instytut, Moscow, 1:50–102. (in Russian)Google Scholar
Kozłowski, R. 1953. Badania nad nowym gatunkiem z rodzaju Corynoides (Graptolithina). Acta Geologica Polonica, 3:193–209.Google Scholar
Kozłowski, R. 1956. Nouvelles observations sur les Corynoididae (Graptolithina). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 1:259–269.Google Scholar
Lapworth, C. 1873. On an improved classification of the Rhabdophora. Geological Magazine, 10:500–504, 555-560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapworth, C. 1875. In Hopkinson, J., and Lapworth, C.Descriptions of the graptolites of the Arenig and Llanvirn rocks of St David's. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 31:631–672.Google Scholar
Lapworth, C. 1880. On the Geological Distribution of the Rhabdophora, Part 3, Results. Annales and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6:185–1207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maletz, J. 1992a. Biostratigraphie und Paläogeographie von Unter-ordovizischen Graptolithenfaunen des östlichen Kanadas und Skandinaviens. Doktorarbeit, Technische Universitat Berlin, 263 p.Google Scholar
Maletz, J. 1992b. The Arenig/Llanvirn boundary in the Quebec Appalachians. Newsletters in Stratigraphy, 26:49–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maletz, J. 1994. Pendent Didymograptids (Graptoloidea, Dichograptacea). p. 27–43. In Xu, Chen, Erdtmann, B.-D., and Yunan, Ni (eds.), Graptolite Research Today. Nanjing University Press.Google Scholar
Maletz, J., and Mitchell, C. E. 1993. On the origin of the Diplograptacea (Graptoloidea). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 25(6):53.Google Scholar
Mitchell, C. E. 1987. Evolution and phylogenetic classification of the Diplograptacea. Palaeontology, 30:353–405.Google Scholar
Mitchell, C. E. 1989. Revision of Corynoides ultimus Ruedemann (Graptolithina) and its relationship to Corynites Kozlowski. Journal of Paleontology, 63:382–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, C. E., Maletz, J., and Zhang, Y.D. 1995. Evolutionary origins of the Diplograptina. 401-404. In Cooper, J. D., Droser, M. L., and Finney, S. C. (eds.), Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System. The Pacific Section Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) Fullerton, California, Book 77.Google Scholar
Moberg, J. C. 1892. Om några nya graptoliter från Skånes Undre graptolitskiffer. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 14:339–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mu, A.T., and Lee, C. K. 1958. Scandent graptolites from the Ningkuo Shale of Kiangshan - Changshan area, western Chekiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 6:391–427. [(In Chinese.)]Google Scholar
Mu, A.T., and Zhan, S.G. 1966. On the probable development and systematic position of Glossograptus. Scientia Sinica, 15:92–98. [(In Chinese.)]Google Scholar
Mu, A.T., Ge, M.Y., Chen, X., Ni, Y.N., and Lin, Y.K. 1979. Lower Ordovician graptolites of Southwest China. Palaeontologica Sinica, New Series B, 13, 156 (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Yunan, Ni and Cooper, R. A. 1994. The graptolite Glossograptus Emmons and its proximal structure. Alcheringa 18:161–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yunan, Ni and Chenxie, Xiao. 1994. On the genus Apiograptus Cooper and McLaurin, 1974. p. 14–19. In Xu, Chen, Erdtmann, B-D., and Yunan, Ni (eds.), Graptolite Research Today. Nanjing University Press.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. 1867. On some fossils from the Lower Silurian rocks of the south of Scottland. Geological Magazine, 4:107–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickards, R. B. 1972. The Ordovician graptolite genus Paraglossograptus Mu. Geological Magazine, 109:99–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruedemann, R. 1947. Graptolites of North America. Geological Society of America Memoir, 19, 652 p.Google Scholar
Skevington, D., and Jackson, D. E. 1976. A new Llanvirn Isograptus from the D. murchisoni Shales of Abereiddy Bay, Wales. Alcheringa, 1:139–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strachan, I. 1985. The significance of the proximal end of Cryptograptus tricornis (Carruthers) (Graptolithina). Geological Magazine, 122:151–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tullberg, S. A. 1880. Tvenne nya Graptolitslägten. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 5:313–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VandenBerg, A. H. M., and Cooper, R. A. 1992. The Ordovician graptolite sequence of Australasia. Alcheringa, 16:33–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittington, H. B., and Rickards, R. B. 1969. Development of Glossograptus and Skiagraptus, Ordovician graptoloids from Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology, 43:800–817.Google Scholar
Williams, S. H. 1992. Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn) graptolites from the Notre Dame Subzone, central Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 29:1717–1733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, S. H., and Stevens, R. K. 1988. Early Ordovician (Arenig) graptolites from the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 5:1–167.Google Scholar
Xiao, C.-X., Xia, T.L., and Wang, Z.Y. 1985. New materials of Cardiograptidae from S. Jiangxi and their evolutionary relationship. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 24:429–439 (English abstract on p. 438).Google Scholar
Xiao, C.-X., and Chen, H. 1990. Some graptolite faunas of the Lower and Middle Ordovician from Gucheng area, Yushan. Geology of Jiangxi, 4:81–244.Google Scholar
Xiao, C.-X., and Chen, H. 1994. On the development of Proncograptus. p. 44–48. In Xu, Chen, Erdtmann, B.-D., and Yunan, Ni (eds.), Graptolite research today. Nanjing University Press.Google Scholar
Yu, J.H., and Fang, Y.T. 1981. Arienigraptus, a new graptolite genus from the Ningkuo Formation (Lower Ordovician) of South China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 20:27–32.Google Scholar
Yu, J.H., and Fang, Y.T. 1983. Xiushuigraptus. In Regional Geology of Zhejiang Province, p. 406–407.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.D. 1993. On the Arenig-Llanvirn graptolite faunas from the Ningkuo Formation and its evolutionary model. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, 248 p.Google Scholar