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New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2019

Terry A. Gates ,
Eric Gorscak  and
Peter J. Makovicky
Terry A. Gates
Affiliation:
Dept of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA Dept of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA ,
Eric Gorscak
Affiliation:
Dept of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA ,
Peter J. Makovicky
Affiliation:
Dept of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA ,
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Abstract

Cretaceous aquatic ecosystems were amazingly diverse, containing most clades of extant aquatic vertebrates as well as an array of sharks and rays not present today. Here we report on the chondrichthyan fauna from the late Maastrichtian site that yielded the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton FMNH PF 2081 (“SUE”). Significant among the recovered fauna is an unidentified species of carcharhinid shark that adds to the fossil record of this family in the Cretaceous, aligning with estimates from molecular evidence of clade originations. Additionally, a new orectolobiform shark, here named Galagadon nordquistae n. gen. n. sp., is diagnosed on the basis on several autapomorphies from over two-dozen teeth. Common chondrichthyan species found at the “SUE” locality include Lonchidion selachos and Myledaphus pustulosus. Two phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference) based on twelve original dental character traits combined with 136 morphological traits from a prior study of 28 fossil and extant taxa, posited Galagadon n. gen. in two distinct positions: as part of a clade inclusive of the fossil species Cretorectolobus olsoni and Cederstroemia triangulata plus extant orectolobids from the Maximum Parsimony analysis; and as the sister taxon to all extant hemiscyllids from the Bayesian Inference. Model-based biogeographical reconstructions based on both optimal trees suggest rapid island hopping-style dispersal from the Western Pacific to the Western Interior Seaway of North America where Galagadon n. gen. lived. Alternatively, the next preferred model posits a broader, near-global distribution of Orectolobiformes with Galagadon n. gen. dispersing into its geographic position from this large ancestral range.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/61e32ffc-4f87-4ff7-820d-0bb33a80f0a0

Type
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Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 93 , Issue 3 , May 2019 , pp. 512 - 530
Copyright
Copyright © 2019, The Paleontological Society 

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