Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T13:27:29.960Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Relativistic non-thermal particle acceleration in two-dimensional collisionless magnetic reconnection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2022

Dmitri A. Uzdensky Open the ORCID record for Dmitri A. Uzdensky [Opens in a new window]
Dmitri A. Uzdensky*
Affiliation:
Center for Integrated Plasma Studies, Physics Department, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: uzdensky@colorado.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Magnetic reconnection, especially in the relativistic regime, provides an efficient mechanism for accelerating relativistic particles and thus offers an attractive physical explanation for non-thermal high-energy emission from various astrophysical sources. I present a simple analytical model that elucidates key physical processes responsible for reconnection-driven relativistic non-thermal particle acceleration in the large-system, plasmoid-dominated regime in two dimensions. The model aims to explain the numerically observed dependencies of the power-law index $p$ and high-energy cutoff $\gamma _c$ of the resulting non-thermal particle energy spectrum $f(\gamma )$ on the ambient plasma magnetization $\sigma$, and (for $\gamma _c$) on the system size $L$. In this self-similar model, energetic particles are continuously accelerated by the out-of-plane reconnection electric field $E_{\rm rec}$ until they become magnetized by the reconnected magnetic field and eventually trapped in plasmoids large enough to confine them. The model also includes diffusive Fermi acceleration by particle bouncing off rapidly moving plasmoids. I argue that the balance between electric acceleration and magnetization controls the power-law index, while trapping in plasmoids governs the cutoff, thus tying the particle energy spectrum to the plasmoid distribution.

Keywords

astrophysical plasmasplasma nonlinear phenomenaspace plasma physics
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Plasma Physics , Volume 88 , Issue 1 , February 2022 , 905880114
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aharonian, F.A., Belyanin, A.A., Derishev, E.V., Kocharovsky, V.V. & Kocharovsky, V.V. 2002 Constraints on the extremely high-energy cosmic ray accelerators from classical electrodynamics. Phys. Rev. D 66 (2), 023005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, D., Sironi, L. & Özel, F. 2018 Electron and proton acceleration in trans-relativistic magnetic reconnection: dependence on plasma beta and magnetization. Astrophys. J. 862 (1), 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, D., Sironi, L. & Özel, F. 2019 The mechanism of electron injection and acceleration in transrelativistic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 884 (1), 57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beloborodov, A.M. 2017 Radiative magnetic reconnection near accreting black holes. Astrophys. J. 850 (2), 141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessho, N. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2005 Collisionless reconnection in an electron-positron plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (24), 245001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessho, N. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2007 Fast collisionless reconnection in electron-positron plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 14 (5), 056503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessho, N. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2012 Fast magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in relativistic low-density electron-positron plasmas without guide field. Astrophys. J. 750, 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharjee, A., Huang, Y.-M., Yang, H. & Rogers, B. 2009 Fast reconnection in high-Lundquist-number plasmas due to the plasmoid Instability. Phys. Plasmas 16 (11), 112102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birn, J., Drake, J.F., Shay, M.A., Rogers, B.N., Denton, R.E., Hesse, M., Kuznetsova, M., Ma, Z.W., Bhattacharjee, A., Otto, A., et al. 2001 Geospace environmental modeling (GEM) magnetic reconnection challenge. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (A3), 3715–3720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R. & Eichler, D. 1987 Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: a theory of cosmic ray origin. Phys. Rep. 154 (1), 1–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R.D. & Ostriker, J.P. 1978 Particle acceleration by astrophysical shocks. Astrophys. J. Lett. 221, L29–L32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulanov, S.V. & Sasorov, P.V. 1976 Energy spectrum of particles accelerated in the neighborhood of a line of zero magnetic field. Sov. Astron. 19 (4), 464–468.Google Scholar
Bulanov, S.V., Syrovatskiǐ, S.I. & Sakai, J. 1978 Stabilizing influence of plasma flow on dissipative tearing instability. Sov. J. Expl Theor. Phys. Lett. 28, 177–179.Google Scholar
Caprioli, D. & Spitkovsky, A. 2014 Simulations of ion acceleration at non-relativistic shocks. I. Acceleration efficiency. Astrophys. J. 783 (2), 91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassak, P.A., Liu, Y.H. & Shay, M.A. 2017 A review of the 0.1 reconnection rate problem. J. Plasma Phys. 83 (5), 715830501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerutti, B., Philippov, A., Parfrey, K. & Spitkovsky, A. 2015 Particle acceleration in axisymmetric pulsar current sheets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 448 (1), 606–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerutti, B., Uzdensky, D.A. & Begelman, M.C. 2012 a Extreme particle acceleration in magnetic reconnection layers: application to the gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. 746, 148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerutti, B., Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A. & Begelman, M.C. 2012 b Beaming and rapid variability of high-energy radiation from relativistic pair plasma reconnection. Astrophys. J. Lett. 754, L33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerutti, B., Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A. & Begelman, M.C. 2013 Simulations of particle acceleration beyond the classical synchrotron Burnoff limit in magnetic reconnection: an explanation of the crab flares. Astrophys. J. 770, 147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerutti, B., Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A. & Begelman, M.C. 2014 a Gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula: a case of relativistic reconnection? Phys. Plasmas 21 (5), 056501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerutti, B., Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A. & Begelman, M.C. 2014 b Three-dimensional relativistic pair plasma reconnection with radiative feedback in the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. 782, 104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandran, B.D.G. 2000 Scattering of energetic particles by anisotropic magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with a Goldreich-Sridhar power spectrum. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (22), 4656–4659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comisso, L. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2016 On the value of the reconnection rate. J. Plasma Phys. 82 (6), 595820601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comisso, L. & Sironi, L. 2018 Particle acceleration in relativistic plasma turbulence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (25), 255101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comisso, L. & Sironi, L. 2019 The interplay of magnetically dominated turbulence and magnetic reconnection in producing nonthermal particles. Astrophys. J. 886 (2), 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Contopoulos, I. 2007 The magnetic field topology in the reconnecting pulsar magnetosphere. Astron. Astrophys. 472, 219–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlin, J.T., Drake, J.F. & Swisdak, M. 2014 The mechanisms of electron heating and acceleration during magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 21 (9), 092304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlin, J.T., Drake, J.F. & Swisdak, M. 2015 Electron acceleration in three-dimensional magnetic reconnection with a guide field. Phys. Plasmas 22 (10), 100704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlin, J.T., Drake, J.F. & Swisdak, M. 2016 Parallel electric fields are inefficient drivers of energetic electrons in magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 23 (12), 120704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlin, J.T., Drake, J.F. & Swisdak, M. 2017 The role of three-dimensional transport in driving enhanced electron acceleration during magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 24 (9), 092110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daughton, W. & Karimabadi, H. 2007 Collisionless magnetic reconnection in large-scale electron-positron plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 14 (7), 072303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daughton, W., Roytershteyn, V., Albright, B.J., Karimabadi, H., Yin, L. & Bowers, K.J. 2009 Transition from collisional to kinetic regimes in large-scale reconnection layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (6), 065004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daughton, W., Roytershteyn, V., Karimabadi, H., Yin, L., Albright, B.J., Bergen, B. & Bowers, K.J. 2011 Role of electron physics in the development of turbulent magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas. Nat. Phys. 7 (7), 539–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daughton, W., Scudder, J. & Karimabadi, H. 2006 Fully kinetic simulations of undriven magnetic reconnection with open boundary conditions. Phys. Plasmas 13 (7), 072101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, J.F., Arnold, H., Swisdak, M. & Dahlin, J.T. 2019 A computational model for exploring particle acceleration during reconnection in macroscale systems. Phys. Plasmas 26 (1), 012901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, J.F., Opher, M., Swisdak, M. & Chamoun, J.N. 2010 A magnetic reconnection mechanism for the generation of anomalous cosmic rays. Astrophys. J. 709 (2), 963–974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, J.F., Swisdak, M., Che, H. & Shay, M.A. 2006 Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during reconnection. Nature 443 (7111), 553–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drake, J.F., Swisdak, M. & Fermo, R. 2013 The power-law spectra of energetic particles during multi-island magnetic reconnection. Astrophys. J. Lett. 763, L5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckart, C. 1940 The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. III. Relativistic theory of the simple fluid. Phys. Rev. 58 (10), 919–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fermi, E. 1949 On the origin of the cosmic radiation. Phys. Rev. 75 (8), 1169–1174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finn, J.M. & Kaw, P.K. 1977 Coalescence instability of magnetic islands. Phys. Fluids 20 (1), 72–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giannios, D. 2010 UHECRs from magnetic reconnection in relativistic jets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408 (1), L46–L50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, F., Li, H., Daughton, W. & Liu, Y.-H. 2014 Formation of hard power laws in the energetic particle spectra resulting from relativistic magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 155005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, F., Li, X., Daughton, W., Kilian, P., Li, H., Liu, Y.-H., Yan, W. & Ma, D. 2019 Determining the dominant acceleration mechanism during relativistic magnetic reconnection in large-scale systems. Astrophys. J. Lett. 879 (2), L23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, F., Li, X., Li, H., Daughton, W., Zhang, B., Lloyd-Ronning, N., Liu, Y.-H., Zhang, H. & Deng, W. 2016 Efficient production of high-energy nonthermal particles during magnetic reconnection in a magnetically dominated ion-electron plasma. Astrophys. J. Lett. 818 (1), L9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, F., Liu, Y.-H., Daughton, W. & Li, H. 2015 Particle acceleration and plasma dynamics during magnetic reconnection in the magnetically dominated regime. Astrophys. J. 806 (2), 167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, F., Liu, Y.-H., Li, X., Li, H., Daughton, W. & Kilian, P. 2020 Recent progress on particle acceleration and reconnection physics during magnetic reconnection in the magnetically-dominated relativistic regime. Phys. Plasmas 27 (8), 080501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakobyan, H., Petropoulou, M., Spitkovsky, A. & Sironi, L. 2021 Secondary energization in compressing plasmoids during magnetic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 912 (1), 48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakobyan, H., Philippov, A. & Spitkovsky, A. 2019 Effects of synchrotron cooling and pair production on collisionless relativistic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 877 (1), 53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, M., Schindler, K., Birn, J. & Kuznetsova, M. 1999 The diffusion region in collisionless magnetic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 6 (5), 1781–1795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillas, A.M. 1984 The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22, 425–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoshino, M. & Lyubarsky, Y. 2012 Relativistic reconnection and particle acceleration. Space Sci. Rev. 173, 521–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y.-M. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2010 Scaling laws of resistive magnetohydrodynamic reconnection in the high-Lundquist-number, plasmoid-unstable regime. Phys. Plasmas 17 (6), 062104–062104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y.-M. & Bhattacharjee, A. 2012 Distribution of plasmoids in high-lundquist-number magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 (26), 265002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaroschek, C.H. & Hoshino, M. 2009 Radiation-dominated relativistic current sheets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (7), 075002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaroschek, C.H., Treumann, R.A., Lesch, H. & Scholer, M. 2004 Fast reconnection in relativistic pair plasmas: analysis of particle acceleration in self-consistent full particle simulations. Phys. Plasmas 11, 1151–1163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, D., Nakar, E. & Piran, T. 2018 Physics of the saturation of particle acceleration in relativistic magnetic reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 476, 3902–3912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, D., Sironi, L., Cerutti, B. & Giannios, D. 2015 Relativistic magnetic reconnection in pair plasmas and its astrophysical applications. Space Sci. Rev. 191, 545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilian, P., Li, X., Guo, F. & Li, H. 2020 Exploring the acceleration mechanisms for particle injection and power-law formation during transrelativistic magnetic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 899 (2), 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, J.G. 2004 Particle acceleration in relativistic current sheets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (18), 181101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landau, L.D. & Lifshitz, E.M. 1959 Fluid Mechanics. Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Larrabee, D.A., Lovelace, R.V.E. & Romanova, M.M. 2003 Lepton acceleration by relativistic collisionless magnetic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 586, 72–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X., Guo, F., Li, H. & Li, G. 2015 Nonthermally dominated electron acceleration during magnetic reconnection in a low-${\beta }$ plasma. Astrophys. J. Lett. 811 (2), L24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X., Guo, F., Li, H. & Li, G. 2017 Particle acceleration during magnetic reconnection in a low-beta plasma. Astrophys. J. 843 (1), 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W., Li, H., Yin, L., Albright, B.J., Bowers, K.J. & Liang, E.P. 2011 Particle energization in 3D magnetic reconnection of relativistic pair plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 18 (5), 052105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y.-H., Guo, F., Daughton, W., Li, H. & Hesse, M. 2015 Scaling of magnetic reconnection in relativistic collisionless pair plasmas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (9), 095002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Y.-H., Hesse, M., Guo, F., Daughton, W., Li, H., Cassak, P.A. & Shay, M.A. 2017 Why does steady-state magnetic reconnection have a maximum local rate of order 0.1? Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (8), 085101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loureiro, N.F., Samtaney, R., Schekochihin, A.A. & Uzdensky, D.A. 2012 Magnetic reconnection and stochastic plasmoid chains in high-Lundquist-number plasmas. Phys. Plasmas 19 (4), 042303–042303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loureiro, N.F., Schekochihin, A.A. & Cowley, S.C. 2007 Instability of current sheets and formation of plasmoid chains. Phys. Plasmas 14 (10), 100703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loureiro, N.F., Schekochihin, A.A. & Uzdensky, D.A. 2013 Plasmoid and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in Sweet-Parker current sheets. Phys. Rev. E 87 (1), 013102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loureiro, N.F. & Uzdensky, D.A. 2016 Magnetic reconnection: from the Sweet-Parker model to stochastic plasmoid chains. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 58 (1), 014021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyubarsky, Y. & Liverts, M. 2008 Particle acceleration in the driven relativistic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 682, 1436–1442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinney, J.C. & Uzdensky, D.A. 2012 A reconnection switch to trigger gamma-ray burst jet dissipation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 419, 573–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehlhaff, J.M., Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A. & Begelman, M.C. 2020 Kinetic beaming in radiative relativistic magnetic reconnection: a mechanism for rapid gamma-ray flares in jets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 498 (1), 799–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehlhaff, J.M., Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A. & Begelman, M.C. 2021 Pair-regulated Klein-Nishina relativistic magnetic reconnection with applications to blazars and accreting black holes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 508 (3), 4532–4572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melzani, M., Walder, R., Folini, D., Winisdoerffer, C. & Favre, J.M. 2014 a Relativistic magnetic reconnection in collisionless ion-electron plasmas explored with particle-in-cell simulations. Astron. Astrophys. 570, A111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melzani, M., Walder, R., Folini, D., Winisdoerffer, C. & Favre, J.M. 2014 b The energetics of relativistic magnetic reconnection: ion-electron repartition and particle distribution hardness. Astron. Astrophys. 570, A112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nalewajko, K., Begelman, M.C., Cerutti, B., Uzdensky, D.A. & Sikora, M. 2012 Energetic constraints on a rapid gamma-ray flare in PKS 1222+ 216. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 425 (4), 2519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nalewajko, K., Giannios, D., Begelman, M.C., Uzdensky, D.A. & Sikora, M. 2011 Radiative properties of reconnection-powered minijets in blazars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413, 333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nalewajko, K., Uzdensky, D.A., Cerutti, B., Werner, G.R. & Begelman, M.C. 2015 On the distribution of particle acceleration sites in plasmoid-dominated relativistic magnetic reconnection. Astrophys. J. 815 (2), 101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nalewajko, K., Yuan, Y. & Chruślińska, M. 2018 Kinetic simulations of relativistic magnetic reconnection with synchrotron and inverse Compton cooling. J. Plasma Phys. 84 (3), 755840301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oka, M., Phan, T.D., Krucker, S., Fujimoto, M. & Shinohara, I. 2010 Electron acceleration by multi-island coalescence. Astrophys. J. 714 (1), 915–926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortuño-Macías, J. & Nalewajko, K. 2020 Radiative kinetic simulations of steady-state relativistic plasmoid magnetic reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 497 (2), 1365–1381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petropoulou, M., Christie, I.M., Sironi, L. & Giannios, D. 2018 Plasmoid statistics in relativistic magnetic reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 475, 3797–3812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petropoulou, M., Giannios, D. & Sironi, L. 2016 Blazar flares powered by plasmoids in relativistic reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462, 3325–3343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petropoulou, M. & Sironi, L. 2018 The steady growth of the high-energy spectral cut-off in relativistic magnetic reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481 (4), 5687–5701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philippov, A., Uzdensky, D.A., Spitkovsky, A. & Cerutti, B. 2019 Pulsar radio emission mechanism: radio nanoshots as a low-frequency afterglow of relativistic magnetic reconnection. Astrophys. J. Lett. 876 (1), L6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchett, P.L. 2008 Energetic electron acceleration during multi-island coalescence. Phys. Plasmas 15 (10), 102105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowan, M.E., Sironi, L. & Narayan, R. 2019 Electron and proton heating in transrelativistic guide field reconnection. Astrophys. J. 873 (1), 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samtaney, R., Loureiro, N.F., Uzdensky, D.A., Schekochihin, A.A. & Cowley, S.C. 2009 Formation of plasmoid chains in magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (10), 105004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlickeiser, R. 1989 Cosmic-ray transport and acceleration. I. Derivation of the kinetic equation and application to cosmic rays in static cold media. Astrophys. J. 336, 243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoeffler, K.M., Grismayer, T., Uzdensky, D., Fonseca, R.A. & Silva, L.O. 2019 Bright gamma-ray flares powered by magnetic reconnection in QED-strength magnetic fields. Astrophys. J. 870 (1), 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shay, M.A., Drake, J.F., Denton, R.E. & Biskamp, D. 1998 Structure of the dissipation region during collisionless magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (A5), 9165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shibata, K. & Tanuma, S. 2001 Plasmoid-induced-reconnection and fractal reconnection. Earth Planets Space 53, 473–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sironi, L. & Beloborodov, A.M. 2020 Kinetic simulations of radiative magnetic reconnection in the coronae of accreting black holes. Astrophys. J. 899 (1), 52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sironi, L., Giannios, D. & Petropoulou, M. 2016 Plasmoids in relativistic reconnection, from birth to adulthood: first they grow, then they go. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462, 48–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sironi, L., Petropoulou, M. & Giannios, D. 2015 Relativistic jets shine through shocks or magnetic reconnection? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 450, 183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sironi, L. & Spitkovsky, A. 2011 a Acceleration of particles at the termination shock of a relativistic striped wind. Astrophys. J. 741, 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sironi, L. & Spitkovsky, A. 2011 b Particle acceleration in relativistic magnetized collisionless electron-ion shocks. Astrophys. J. 726 (2), 75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sironi, L. & Spitkovsky, A. 2014 Relativistic reconnection: an efficient source of non-thermal particles. Astrophys. J. Lett. 783, L21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnerup, B. 1979 Magnetic field reconnection. Solar Syst. Plasma Phys. 1, 45.Google Scholar
Speiser, T.W. 1965 Particle trajectories in model current sheets. 1. Analytical solutions. J. Geophys. Res. 70 (17), 4219–4226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitkovsky, A. 2008 Particle acceleration in relativistic collisionless shocks: Fermi process at last? Astrophys. J. Lett. 682 (1), L5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terasawa, T. 1983 Hall current effect on tearing mode instability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 10 (6), 475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolman, E.A., Loureiro, N.F. & Uzdensky, D.A. 2018 Development of tearing instability in a current sheet forming by sheared incompressible flow. J. Plasma Phys. 84 (1), 905840115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzdensky, D.A. 2011 Magnetic reconnection in extreme astrophysical environments. Space Sci. Rev. 160 (1–4), 45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzdensky, D.A. 2016 Radiative Magnetic Reconnection in Astrophysics, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 427, p. 473. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzdensky, D.A., Cerutti, B. & Begelman, M.C. 2011 Reconnection-powered linear accelerator and gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula. Astrophys. J. Lett. 737, L40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzdensky, D.A. & Kulsrud, R.M. 2006 Physical origin of the quadrupole out-of-plane magnetic field in Hall-magnetohydrodynamic reconnection. Phys. Plasmas 13 (6), 062305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzdensky, D.A., Loureiro, N.F. & Schekochihin, A.A. 2010 Fast magnetic reconnection in the plasmoid-dominated regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 235002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uzdensky, D.A. & McKinney, J.C. 2011 Magnetic reconnection with radiative cooling. I. Optically thin regime. Phys. Plasmas 18 (4), 042105–042105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, G.R., Philippov, A.A. & Uzdensky, D.A. 2019 Particle acceleration in relativistic magnetic reconnection with strong inverse-Compton cooling in pair plasmas. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482 (1), L60–L64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, G.R. & Uzdensky, D.A. 2017 Nonthermal particle acceleration in 3D relativistic magnetic reconnection in pair plasma. Astrophys. J. Lett. 843 (2), L27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, G.R. & Uzdensky, D.A. 2021 Reconnection and particle acceleration in three-dimensional current sheet evolution in moderately magnetized astrophysical pair plasma. J. Plasma Phys. 87 (6), 905870613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A., Begelman, M.C., Cerutti, B. & Nalewajko, K. 2018 Non-thermal particle acceleration in collisionless relativistic electron-proton reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 473, 4840–4861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A., Cerutti, B., Nalewajko, K. & Begelman, M.C. 2016 The extent of power-law energy spectra in collisionless relativistic magnetic reconnection in pair plasmas. Astrophys. J. Lett. 816, L8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, K., Zhdankin, V., Uzdensky, D.A., Werner, G.R. & Begelman, M.C. 2020 First-principles demonstration of diffusive-advective particle acceleration in kinetic simulations of relativistic plasma turbulence. Astrophys. J. Lett. 893 (1), L7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zenitani, S. & Hoshino, M. 2001 The generation of nonthermal particles in the relativistic magnetic reconnection of pair plasmas. Astrophys. J. Lett. 562, L63–L66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zenitani, S. & Hoshino, M. 2005 Relativistic particle acceleration in a folded current sheet. Astrophys. J. Lett. 618, L111–L114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zenitani, S. & Hoshino, M. 2007 Particle acceleration and magnetic dissipation in relativistic current sheet of pair plasmas. Astrophys. J. 670, 702–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zenitani, S. & Hoshino, M. 2008 The role of the guide field in relativistic pair plasma reconnection. Astrophys. J. 677, 530–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhdankin, V., Uzdensky, D.A., Werner, G.R. & Begelman, M.C. 2018 System-size convergence of nonthermal particle acceleration in relativistic plasma turbulence. Astrophys. J. Lett. 867 (1), L18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhdankin, V., Uzdensky, D.A., Werner, G.R. & Begelman, M.C. 2019 Electron and ion energization in relativistic plasma turbulence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 (5), 055101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhdankin, V., Werner, G.R., Uzdensky, D.A. & Begelman, M.C. 2017 Kinetic turbulence in relativistic plasma: from thermal bath to nonthermal continuum. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (5), 055103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed