Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T09:48:00.096Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Dyadic Analysis of Power and Friendship Functioning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2015

Kathryn N. Stump*
Affiliation:
Innovation Research & Training, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Jacklyn Biggs
Affiliation:
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Patricia H. Hawley
Affiliation:
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
*
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE: Kathryn N. Stump, Innovation Research & Training, 1415 W NC Highway 54, Suite 121, Durham NC 27707, USA. Email: kstump@irtinc.us
Get access

Abstract

This study explored how perceptions of resource control levels are related to perceptions of friendship functioning in late adolescent friendship dyads (92 female dyads, 43 male dyads; mean age = 19.59 years). Resource control, relationship influence, and positive and negative friendship features were determined using self- and friend-reports. Contrary to expectations, a latent actor-partner interdependence model (Olsen & Kenny, 2006) revealed uniformly positive effects of perceived resource control on friendship functioning. Perceived resource control was positively associated with positive friendship features and unrelated to negative friendship features for both friends. Results highlight the importance of studying friendship within the context of power and considering relationships and power as complementary rather than opposing elements of the social system.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, P.A., & Adler, P. (1998). Peer power: Preadolescent culture and identity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Allison, P.D. (2003). Missing data techniques for structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 545557.Google Scholar
Anderson, C., & Kilduff, G.J. (2009). The pursuit of status in social groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 295298.Google Scholar
Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion. Oxford, England: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Bargh, J.A., & Morsella, E. (2009). Unconscious behavioral guidance systems. In Agnew, C.R., Carlston, D.E., Graziano, W.G., & Kelly, J.R. (Eds.), Then a miracle occurs: Focusing on behavior in social psychological theory and research (pp. 89118). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beach, S.R.H., & Tesser, A. (1993). Decision making power and marital satisfaction: A self-evaluation maintenance perspective. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 471494.Google Scholar
Bentley, C.G., Galliher, R.V., & Ferguson, T.J. (2007). Associations among aspects of interpersonal power and relationship functioning in adolescent romantic couples. Sex Roles, 57, 483495.Google Scholar
Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Blood, R.O., & Wolfe, D.M. (1960). Husbands and wives: The dynamics of family living. Oxford, England: Free Press Glencoe.Google Scholar
Brown, T.A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Buhrmester, D. (1996). Need fulfillment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship. In Bukowski, W.M., Newcomb, A.F., & Hartup, W.W. (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 158185). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bukowski, W.M., Motzoi, C., & Meyer, F. (2009). Friendship as process, function, and outcome. In Rubin, K.H., Bukowski, W.M., & Laursen, B. (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 217231). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Charlesworth, W.R. (1996). Co-operation and competition: Contributions to an evolutionary and developmental model. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 2538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cillessen, A.H.N. (2011). Toward a theory of popularity. In Cillessen, A.H.N., Schwartz, D., & Mayeux, L. (Eds.), Popularity in the peer system (pp. 273299). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Cillessen, A.H.N., & Mayeux, L. (2004). From censure to reinforcement: Developmental changes in the association between aggression and social status. Child Development, 75, 147163.Google Scholar
Cillessen, A.H.N., & Rose, A.J. (2005). Understanding popularity in the peer system. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 102105.Google Scholar
Cillessen, A.H.N., Schwartz, D., & Mayeux, L. (2011). Popularity in the peer system. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Connolly, J., Furman, W., & Konarski, R. (2000). The role of peers in the emergence of heterosexual romantic relationships in adolescence. Child Development, 71, 13951408.Google Scholar
Cook, W.L., & Kenny, D.A. (2005). The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 101109.Google Scholar
Davidson, L.R., & Duberman, L. (1982). Friendship: Communication and interactional patterns in same-sex dyads. Sex Roles, 8, 809822.Google Scholar
Davis, K.E., & Todd, M.J. (1982). Friendships and love relationships. Advances in Descriptive Psychology, 2, 79122.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, J.K., Berger, C., & Lindenberg, S. (2011). Do physical and relational aggression explain adolescents’ friendship selection? The competing roles of network characteristics, gender, and social status. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 417429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, J.K., Cillessen, A.H.N., & Borch, C. (2013). Popularity and adolescent friendship networks: Selection and influence dynamics. Developmental Psychology, 49, 12421252.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, J.K., Cillessen, A.H.N., Lindenberg, S., & Veenstra, R. (2010). Basking in reflected glory and its limits: Why adolescents hang out with popular peers. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 942958.Google Scholar
Eder, D. (1985). The cycle of popularity: Interpersonal relations among female adolescents. Sociology of Education, 58, 154165.Google Scholar
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 10161024.Google Scholar
Furman, W., & Wehner, E.A. (1997). Adolescent romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 78, 2136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray-Little, B., & Burks, N. (1983). Power and satisfaction in marriage: A review and critique. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 513538.Google Scholar
Hardy, C.L., & Van Vugt, M. (2006). Nice guys finish first: The competitive altruism hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 14021413.Google Scholar
Hartup, W.W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67, 113.Google Scholar
Hawley, P.H. (1999). The ontogenesis of social dominance: A strategy-based evolutionary perspective. Developmental Review, 19, 97132.Google Scholar
Hawley, P.H. (2003). Prosocial and coercive configurations of resource control in early adolescence: A case for the well-adapted Machiavellian. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 279309.Google Scholar
Hawley, P.H. (2006). Friendship inventory. Unpublished questionnaire, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.Google Scholar
Hawley, P.H., & Hensley, W.A. (2009). Social dominance and forceful submission fantasies: Feminine pathology or power? Journal of Sex Research, 46, 568585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawley, P.H., & Little, T.D. (1999). On winning some and losing some: A social relations approach to social dominance in toddlers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 185214.Google Scholar
Hawley, P.H., Little, T.D., & Card, N.A. (2007). The allure of a mean friend: Relationship quality and processes of aggressive adolescents with prosocial skills. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 170180.Google Scholar
Hawley, P.H., Shorey, H.S., & Alderman, P.M. (2009). Attachment correlates of resource-control strategies: Possible origins of social dominance and interpersonal power differentials. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 10971118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homans, G.C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World.Google Scholar
Kelley, H.H., & Thibaut, J. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D.H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265284.Google Scholar
Kenny, D.A., Kashy, D.A., & Cook, W.L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Kubacka, K.E., Finkenauer, C., Rusbult, C.E., & Keijsers, L. (2011). Maintaining Close Relationships Gratitude as a Motivator and a Detector of Maintenance Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 13621375.Google Scholar
LaFontana, L.M., & Cillessen, A.H.N. (2002). Children perceptions of popular and unpopular peers: A multimethod assessment. Developmental Psychology, 38, 635647.Google Scholar
LaFreniere, P.J., & Charlesworth, W.R. (1987). Effects of friendship and dominance status on preschooler's resource utilization in a cooperative/competitive situation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 10, 345358.Google Scholar
Laursen, B., & Hartup, W.W. (2002). The origins of reciprocity and social exchange in friendships. In Laursen, B. & Graziano, W.G. (Eds.), Social exchange in development (pp. 2740). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Little, T.D., Cunningham, W.A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K.F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151173.Google Scholar
Marks, P.E.L., Cillessen, A.H.N., & Crick, N.R. (2011, April). Popular by association: The theory of adolescent popularity contagion. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Montreal.Google Scholar
Mayeux, L., Sandstrom, M.J., & Cillessen, A.H.N. (2008). Is being popular a risky proposition? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 4974.Google Scholar
McAdams, D.P., Healy, S., & Krause, S. (1984). Social motives and patterns of friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 828838.Google Scholar
Newcomb, A., & Bagwell, C. (1995). Children's friendship relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 306347.Google Scholar
Ojanen, T., Gronroos, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2005). An interpersonal circumplex model of children's social goals: Links with peer-reported behavior and sociometric status. Developmental Psychology, 41, 699710.Google Scholar
Olsen, J.A., & Kenny, D.A. (2006). Structural equation modeling with interchangeable dyads. Psychological Methods, 11, 127141.Google Scholar
Parkhurst, J.T., & Hopmeyer, A. (1998). Sociometric popularity and peer-perceived popularity: Two distinct dimensions of peer status. Journal of Early Adolescence, 18, 125144.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, A.D. (2008). The roles of aggressive and affiliative behaviors in resource control: A behavioral ecological perspective. Developmental Review, 28, 461487.Google Scholar
Prinstein, M.J., & Cillessen, A.H.N. (2003). Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. Special Issue: Aggression and Adaptive Functioning: The Bright Side to Bad Behavior, 49, 310342.Google Scholar
Raven, B.H., & French, J.R.P. (1958). Legitimate power, coercive power, and observability in social influence. Sociometry, 21, 8397.Google Scholar
Rusbult, C.E., & Van Lange, P.A.M. (2003). Interdependence, interaction and relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 351375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shuka, A., & Kapoor, M. (1990). Sex role identity, marital power, and marital satisfaction among middle-class couples in India. Sex Roles, 22, 693706.Google Scholar
Veniegas, R.C., & Peplau, L.A. (1997). Power and the quality of same-sex friendships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 279292.Google Scholar
Whisman, M.A., & Jacobson, N.S. (1990). Power, marital satisfaction, and response to marital therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 4, 202212.Google Scholar
Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall.Google Scholar