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Revolution knows no boundaries? Chinese revolutionaries in North Vietnam during the early years of the First Indochina War
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2021
Abstract
This article analyses the roles and activities of three groups of Chinese communist revolutionaries in the early phase of the First Indochina War. The author argues that although the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) did not begin to provide substantial aid to North Vietnam until 1950, the involvement of Chinese communists, including members of both the CCP and the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP), in the First Indochina War started at the very moment the war broke out in 1946. Although the early participants were not as prominent as the Chinese political and military advisers who arrived after 1949, their activities deserve to be examined, not only because they were the forerunners of later actors, but also because they had already made concrete contributions to the Vietnamese revolution before the founding of the People's Republic of China and the arrival of large-scale Chinese military and economic aid. Moreover, interactions between early Chinese participants and the Vietnamese revolutionaries established a pattern that would characterise Sino–Vietnamese relations in the subsequent decades.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The National University of Singapore, 2021
Footnotes
The author would like to thank Li Zhirong, Chen Huaquan, Pan Baolian, Huang Zhongqing, Guo Mingzhong, Yao Riqiang, Yu Xiaohua, Li Xianghong, He Yulei, and Hu Nan for their assistance in gathering information for this article, and the two anonymous reviewers for their enlightening comments and constructive suggestions. The work described in this article was fully supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. PolyU 15609818).
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22 Huang Wenhuan (Hoàng Văn Hoan), Canghai yisu, p. 120.
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24 Zhuang Yong, ‘Sishinianlai zai Yuenan laodongdang lingdaoxia de Yuenan huaqiao’.
25 General Lu Han, commander-in-chief of the Chinese occupation force, even personally delivered complaints to the DRV government on behalf of the Chinese in northern Vietnam. Marr, Vietnam, p. 311.
26 Chen, Vietnam and China, pp. 176–9, 187.
27 Yuenan Henei Zhonghua huiguan, ‘Fayue chongtuxia zhi Yuebei huaqiao’, pp. 134, 149, 168, 170, 172.
28 Huo Haidan, Zhongguo junshi guwentuan yuanyue kangfa shilu, pp. 238–9.
29 Marr, Vietnam, pp. 312–13.
30 Lewis, ‘Vietnamese communist policy’, pp. 112–13; Lin Hua, ‘The Chinese occupation’, pp. 161–2.
31 Worthing, Occupation and revolution, pp. 121–3, 128–36, 139–41.
32 Yuenan Henei Zhonghua huiguan, ‘Fayue chongtuxia zhi Yuebei huaqiao’, pp. 149–50, 162, 174.
33 For a brief history of the autonomous region of Hải Ninh, see Trần Đức Lai, ed., Người Nùng và Khu Tự Trị Hải Ninh Việt Nam (The Nung People and the Hải Ninh Autonomous District of Vietnam] (Self-published, 2007); Trần Đức Lai, ed., The Nung Ethnic and Autonomous Territory of Hai Ninh, Vietnam (Taipei: Hai Ninh Veterans and Public Administration, 2013).
34 Marr, Vietnam, pp. 281–2, 312.
35 Chen, China and Vietnam; Calkin, Laura M., China and the First Vietnam War, 1947–54 (London: Routledge, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Goscha, ‘Towards a connected history’, pp. 314–34; Jiayi Gao, ‘Fighting side by side: Cross-border military exchanges and cooperation between the Chinese Communist Party and the Viet Minh, 1945–1949’, China Review 19, 3 (2019): 123–48; Xiaorong Han 韩孝荣, ‘Guoji lengzhan chuqi de yige defang redian—1945 nian zhi 1950 nian jian de zhongyue bianjing kuoguo gemingqu’ 国际冷战初期的一个地方热点—1945年至1950年间的中越边境跨国革命区 [A hotspot during the early phase of the global Cold War: The Sino-Vietnamese cross-border revolutionary zone, 1945–1950], Nanyang wenti yanjiu 南洋问题研究 1 (2021): 1–14.
36 In 1965, the boundary between Guangdong and Guangxi was redrawn and since then Beihai has been part of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
37 Pang Zi 庞自, Jiuzhi yiwang 九秩忆往 [The memoir of a nonagenarian] (Beijing: Self-published, 2011), pp. 55–6. The Southern Guangdong Anti-Japanese People's Liberation Army had another name, which was Southern Guangdong People's Liberation Army (南路人民解放军). See Tang Caiyou 唐才猷, ‘Laoyituan zhandou zai Shiwandashan’ 老一团战斗在十万大山 [The Old First Regiment fighting in the Shiwan Great Mountains], in Zhandou zai Shiwandashan 战斗在十万大山 [Fighting in the Shiwan Great Mountain], ed. Lu Wen (Nanning: Guangxi minzu, 1995), pp. 138, 141.
38 For an account of Zhao Shiyao as a communist leader in Beihai in 1938 see He Jiaying 何家英, ‘Huiyi Zhao Shiyao tongzhi’ 回忆赵世尧同志 [My memory of Comrade Zhao Shiyao], Beihai wenshi 北海文史 5 (1987): 107–9; Chen Zhongtian 陈中天, ‘Kangzhan chuqi Beihai dangzuzhi de tongzhan ji dixia huodong’ 抗战初期北海党组织的统战及地下活动 [The United Front work and underground activities of the CCP's Beihai branch during the early years of the Anti-Japanese War], Beihai wenshi 5 (1987): 73–83.
39 Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, pp. 56–7.
40 Ibid., pp. 57–8.
41 Peng Su, ‘Cong geming qingnian dao “liangguo jiangjun”’, p. 32; ‘Liang Jinsheng: Tongxiao siguo yuyan de kangzhan yingjie’ 梁金生: 通晓四国语言的抗战英杰 [Liang Jinsheng: A hero of the Anti-Japanese War who was proficient in four languages], Shenzhen wanbao 深圳晚报, 5 Nov. 2015.
42 Liang You 梁游, ‘Zhongyue youyi wangu changqing’ 中越友谊万古长青 [The Sino–Vietnamese friendship will last forever]’, in Jingsong: Mianhuai Liang You tongzhi 劲松: 缅怀梁游同志 [A sturdy pine tree: Remembering Comrade Liang You] (Nanning: Guangxi renmin, 1997), pp. 120–21. For the interactions between Vietnamese revolutionaries, including Hoàng Văn Hoan, and their Chinese comrades in China, 1930s–1950s, see Huang Wenhuan (Hoàng Văn Hoan), Canghai yisu, pp. 63–285.
43 Lu Wen 卢文, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, pp. 6, 156; Feng De 冯德, ‘Wo suo zhidao de duli zhongtuan’ 我所知道的独立中团 [My knowledge about the Independent Regiment], in Wenshan qiaoshi ziliao huibian 文山侨史资料汇编 [Collected material on the history of the Overseas Chinese from Wenshan], ed. Wenshanzhou guiguo huaqiao lianhehui 文山州归侨华侨联合会 (Kunming: n.p., 2006), pp. 106–10; Chen Zhang 陈章, ‘Laoyituan ru Yue kangfa jishu’ 老一团入越抗法记述 [The Old First Regiment resisted the French in Vietnam], Zhanjiang wenshi 湛江文史 28 (2009): 23–4.
44 Li Minniu, ed., Fubeimen de Zhongguo meng, p. 314.
45 Ibid., p. 231.
46 King C. Chen claims that Liao Chengzhi and Fang Fang, who were higher ranking than Zhou Nan and Zhuang Tian in the CCP system, visited northern Vietnam in 1947, but provides no evidence (Chen, China and Vietnam, pp. 188–9). Most other sources show that Liao Chengzhi was in northern China and Fang Fang was in Hong Kong in 1947, and neither of them appeared in Vietnam in that year.
47 Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, pp. 60–64.
48 Pang Zi's ally Yu Mingyan was born in Guangzhou in 1916. He joined the CCP in 1937 and graduated from Sun Yat-sen University in 1938. He was dispatched to Vietnam by the southern Guangdong branch of the CCP in August 1946 and stayed there for about a year before becoming a leading revolutionary in Guangxi. See Lang Ji 朗基, Xiao Gang 小刚, Xiao Hua 小华, and Xiao Dong 小东, ‘Shizhi geming, jügong jingcui: Jinian fuqin Yu Mingyan bainian danchen’ 矢志革命, 鞠躬尽瘁: 纪念父亲余明炎百年诞辰 [Fully devoted to the Revolution: Commemorating the one hundredth birthday of our father Yu Mingyan] (unpublished article).
49 Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, p. 66.
50 Ibid., p. 68.
51 Shen Yaoxun 沈耀勋, ‘Cong Naliang qiyi dao Xinjie shibian’ 从那良起义到’新街事变’ [From the Naliang Revolt to the Xinjie Incident], in Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, pp. 119, 123–4.
52 Zhang Xian 张贤, ‘Haiwai chizi huige baoguo’ 海外赤子 挥戈报国 [Loyal sons from the overseas fight to defend the nation], in Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, p. 686.
53 Chen Sheng 陈生, ‘Yi Ligong’ 忆黎公 [In Memoriam: Li Hanwei], in Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, p. 950; Lang Ji et al., ‘Shizhi geming, jügong jingcui’.
54 David G. Marr, ‘Creating defense capacity in Vietnam, 1945–1947’, in Lawrence and Logevall, The First Vietnam War, p. 90.
55 Lockhart, Nation in arms, p. 175.
56 Guo Mingjin 郭明进, ‘Ershi shiji zhongye jüzhu zai Yuenan de huaqiao’ 二十世纪中叶居住在越南的华侨 [The overseas Chinese in Vietnam in the mid-twentieth century], in Wenshan qiaoshi ziliao huibian, p. 141.
57 Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, pp. 69–75.
58 Zhang Xian, ‘Haiwai chizi huige baoguo’, p. 686.
59 Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, p. 70.
60 Ibid., pp. 75–8.
61 Marr, Vietnam, p. 312.
62 Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, pp. 75–8, 269.
63 Calkins, China and the First Vietnam War, p. 15.
64 Ibid., pp. 23–4. These Nùng and Ngái people in Hải Ninh mentioned here are Hakka Chinese.
65 Wu Jingyi 吴静宜, ‘Yuenan huaren qianyishi yu kejiahua de shiyong: yi Hu Zhiming shi weili’ 越南华人迁移史与客家话的使用: 以胡志明市为例 [The migration of the Chinese in Vietnam and the use of the Hakka dialect: An analysis of Hồ Chí Minh City] (MA thesis, National Central University, 2010), p. 98.
66 For a brief history of Hải Ninh and the Nùng people in that province, see Qing Feng 清风, ‘Nongzu kao’ 侬族考 [A study of the Nùng people], Bagui qiaoshi 八桂侨史 3 (1996): 1–6.
67 ‘Tỉnh Hải Ninh trong kháng chiến chống Pháp: Sự tồn tại ba hệ thống chính quyền’ [The Hải Ninh province during the War against the French: The existence of three government systems], 3 June 2013, http://vusta.vn/chitiet/tin-tuyen-sinh-dao-tao/Tinh-Hai-Ninh-trong-khang-chien-chong-Phap-Su-ton-tai-ba-he-thong-chinh-quyen-1011.
68 Calkins, China and the First Vietnam War, pp. 23–4.
69 Feng De, ‘Wo suo zhidao de duli zhongtuan’, p. 110.
70 Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, pp. 79–80; ‘Tỉnh Hải Ninh trong kháng chiến chống Pháp’.
71 Shen Yaoxun, ‘Cong Naliang qiyi dao Xinjie shibian’, pp. 104–7; Chen Sheng 陈生, ‘Canjia Naliang kangri wuzhuang qiyi de huiyi’ 参加那良抗日武装起义的回忆 [My memory of my participation in the Anti-Japanese armed uprising of Naliang], in Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, pp. 128–37.
72 Peng Yang 彭扬, ‘Yehuo shaobujin chunfeng chuiyousheng: Huiyi chongjian Fangcheng renmin wuzhuang jingguo’ 野火烧不尽 春风吹又生: 回忆重建防城人民武装经过 [The spring wind will bring burned grass back to life: Recalling the re-creation of the People's Armed Force of Fangcheng], in Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, pp. 157–71; Chen Sheng 陈生, ‘Dongshan zaiqi yinianjian: Yi Dongshan youjidui de zhandou licheng’ 东山再起一年间: 忆东山游击队的战斗历程 [To rise again within one year: The course of struggle of the Dongshan guerillas], in ibid., p. 214.
73 Jiayi Gao, ‘Fighting side by side’, pp. 128–9; Wu Jilin 吴基林, Fang Shan 方山, Guidianqianbian zongduishi 桂滇黔边纵队史 [A history of the Guangxi-Yunnan-Guizhou Borderland Column] (Guangzhou: Guangdong renmin, 1993), p. 56.
74 Xie Wanggang 谢王岗, ‘Jueding mingyun de bodou: 1948 nian Shiwandashan de fanweijiao douzheng’ 决定命运的搏斗: 1948年十万大山的反围剿斗争 [A fight that determines destiny: The anti-extermination struggle in the Shiwan Great Mountains in 1948], in Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, p. 434; Li Chao 李超, ‘Huiyi Shiwandashan de douzheng’ 回忆十万大山的斗争 [Recalling the struggles in the Shiwan Great Mountains], in ibid., pp. 449–50.
75 Li Chao, ‘Huiyi Shiwandashan de douzheng’, pp. 458–9; Li Hanwei 黎汉威, ‘Qixi Mangjie’ 奇袭芒街 [A surprise attack on Móng Cái], in Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, pp. 602–6; Feng Junsong 冯军松, ‘Huiyi xiji Mangjie Fajun xinbingying de jingguo’ 回忆袭击芒街法军新兵营的经过 [Recalling our attack on the camp of the newly recruited French troops in Móng Cái], in ibid., pp. 607–14; Ye Zhaowen 叶兆文, ‘Zhandou zai huxue li’ 战斗在虎穴里 [Fighting in the tiger's den], in ibid., pp. 615–25.
76 Li Chao 李超, ‘Zhongyue bianjing hebing shangtan de jingguo’ 中越边境合兵商谈的经过 [The conclusion of the Agreement regarding the formation of Joint Forces in the Sino–Vietnamese border region], in Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, pp. 626–7.
77 Dalloz, The war in Indo-china, p. 113.
78 Guo Mingjin, ‘Ershi shiji zhongye jüzhu zai Yuenan de huaqiao’, p. 143.
79 Lin Hai 林海, ‘Xiang geming laoqianbei xuexi: huaqiao chengji zhanlanhui ceji’ 向革命老前辈学习: 华侨成绩展览会侧记 [Learn from the elder revolutionaries: A report on the Exhibition of the achievements of the overseas Chinese], Xin Yue hua bao 新越华报, 1 Aug. 1963.
80 Huang Jian 黄坚, ‘Zhanma you sifeng: Matoushan gongzuo de huiyi’ 战马犹嘶风: 马头山工作的回忆 [The warhorses neighed against the wind: Recalling our work in the Matoushan area], in Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, p. 599.
81 Guo Mingjin, ‘Ershi shiji zhongye jüzhu zai Yuenan de huaqiao’, pp. 87–8, 140; Liang Fang 梁芳, ‘Wo yisheng nanwang de jijianshi’ 我一生难忘的几件事 [Some unforgettable events in my life], in Wenshan qiaoshi ziliao huibian, p. 130.
82 Personal communication with Wu Qimei's nephew, 17 Aug. 2019.
83 Zhang Yu, Yuenan Jianpuzhai Laowo huaqiao huaren manji, p. 292.
84 Li Bailun 李白仑, ‘Zhi Yuegong zuzhibu ganbuguanlisi de xin’ 致越共组织部干部管理司的信 [A letter to the Department of Personnel Management of the Ministry of Organisation of the Vietnamese Communist Party], in Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, p. 379.
85 Li Jian (Lê Giản) 黎简, ‘Yuan Yuenan gonganbu buzhang Li Jian zhi Yuenan laodongdang zhongyang de xin 原越南公安部部长黎简致越南劳动党中央的信 [A letter from former Minister of Public Security of Vietnam Lê Giản to the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Workers’ Party’ (14 May 1991), in Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, pp. 371–2; Zhang Yu, Yuenan Jianpuzhai Laowo huaqiao huaren manji, p. 292.
86 Zhang Yu, Yuenan Jianpuzhai Laowo huaqiao huaren manji, p. 292.
87 Wu's nephew confirmed that Wu did serve as Hồ Chí Minh's secretary but was not sure whether or not the two had been imprisoned together. Personal communication, 18 Aug. 2019.
88 Li Jian (Lê Giản), ‘Yuan Yuenan gonganbu buzhang Li Jian zhi Yuenan laodongdang zhongyang de xin’, p. 372.
89 Marr, Vietnam, pp. 488–9.
90 Ibid., pp. 370–71.
91 Li Jian (Lê Giản), ‘Yuan Yuenan gonganbu buzhang Li Jian zhi Yuenan laodongdang zhongyang de xin’, p. 371; Zhang Yu, Yuenan Jianpuzhai Laowo huaqiao huaren manji, pp. 291–2.
92 For Ly Ban's connections with China, see Lai Chen, ‘Yuegong dangyuan Ly Ban zai Min-Yue-Gan bian’, pp. 62–6; Li Xinhua and Li Nianyun, ‘Cengwei Zhonggong dangyuan de Yuenan buzhang’, pp. 118–25.
93 Li Jian (Lê Giản), ‘Yuan Yuenan gonganbu buzhang Li Jian zhi Yuenan laodongdang zhongyang de xin’, pp. 372–3.
94 Zhuang Yong, ‘Yuenan huaqiao yongshi mingji Huzhuxi de enqing’, Xin Yue hua bao, 7 Nov. 1969.
95 Li Jian (Lê Giản), ‘Yuan Yuenan gonganbu buzhang Li Jian zhi Yuenan laodongdang zhongyang de xin’, pp. 373–4.
96 Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, pp. 359–60.
97 Liao Yuan, Chunfeng qiuyu, pp. 60, 63A.
98 Dalloz, The war in Indo-china, 1945–54, p. 47.
99 Ibid., p. 57; Lockhart, Nation in arms, p. 179; Tucker, Vietnam, p. 51.
100 Worthing, Occupation and revolution, pp. 4, 44–5, 73–6, 101–12; Lin Hua, ‘The Chinese occupation of Northern Vietnam, 1945–1946: A reappraisal’, p. 147.
101 Marr, Vietnam, p. 172.
102 The French launched Operation Léa on 7 Oct. 1947 to capture Hồ Chí Minh and other Việt Minh leaders and to destroy their main battle units. This was followed by Operation Ceinture, which started on 20 Nov. 1947 and was designed to crush Việt Minh forces in a quadrangle northwest of Hà Nội. Tucker, Vietnam, p. 55.
103 Li Jian (Lê Giản), ‘Yuan Yuenan gonganbu buzhang Li Jian zhi Yuenan laodongdang zhongyang de xin’, pp. 374–5.
104 Li Bailun, ‘Zhi Yuegong zuzhibu ganbuguanlisi de xin’, p. 379.
105 Zhang Yu, Yuenan Jianpuzhai Laowo huaqiao huaren manji, p. 294.
106 Lê Giản believes that the visit of the Guangdong public security officials took place in 1951 or 1952, but another source confirms that it happened in 1955. It's also possible that there were two visits. Pang Zi, Jiuzhi yiwang, pp. 356, 359, 376.
107 Wu Fengyuan 吴逢源, ‘Chizi fengfan: Huainian wo de fuqin Wu Jingye’ 赤子风范: 怀念我的父亲吴敬业 [A person with a pure heart: In memoriam of my father Wu Jingye], in Wenshan qiaoshi ziliao huibian, pp. 71–5; Wu Jingye de yisheng bianxiezu 吴敬业的一生编写组, comp., Wu Jingye de yisheng 吴敬业的一生 [The life of Wu Jingye] (Guangzhou: Zhonggong Guangdong shengwei dangshi yanjiuhui, 1990), pp. 1–56.
108 Zhang Yu, Yuenan Jianpuzhai Laowo huaqiao huaren manji, p. 299.
109 Wu Fengyuan, ‘Chizi fengfan’, pp. 77–8.
110 The name of the county was changed from ‘Zhenbian’ (Pacifying the frontier) to ‘Mubian’ (Harmonising the frontier) in 1953, and again to ‘Napo’ in 1965.
111 Zhonggong Napo xianwei dangshi bangongshi 中共那坡县委党史办公室, ed., Fengfengyuyu qishinian: Rong Zhaolin jinian wenji 风风雨雨七十年: 容兆麟纪念文集 [Seventy years of ups and downs: Collected essays commemorating Rong Zhaolin] (Beijing: Renmin ribao she, 2006), pp. 3–6; One of Rong's communist friends during that period was a young woman named Hu Ming, who later moved to Yan'an and married Bo Yibo, a senior CCP leader.
112 Zhonggong Napo xianwei dangshi bangongshi, Fengfengyuyu qishinian, pp. 8–21; According to the official history of the Napo branch, Rong and his comrades arrived in Napo in early 1941 rather than 1939. They created the first CCP cell in this frontier county, and they lost contact with their superiors in northern Guangdong in May 1942; Zhonggong Napo xianwei zuzhibu 中共那坡县委组织部, Zhonggong Napo xianwei dangshiban 中共那坡县委党史办, Napoxian danganju 那坡县档案局, eds., Zhongguo gongchandang Guangxi Zhuangzu zizhiqu Napoxian zuzhishi ziliao 中国共产党广西壮族自治区那坡县组织史资料 [Material about the History of the CCP Organisation in Napo County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region] (Nanning: Guangxi renmin, 1996), pp. 11, 13.
113 Zhonggong Napo xianwei dangshi bangongshi, Fengfengyuyu qishinian, pp. 20–23; Chen Dong 陈东, ‘Yi Dongmang’ 忆东芒 [Recalling my activities in Dongmang], in Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, pp. 812–20; Lu Ping 卢平, ‘Zai Haifang gongzuo de huiyi’ 在海防工作的回忆 [Recalling my work in Hải Phòng], in ibid., pp. 936–40; Chen Hong 陈虹, ‘Haifang tuoxian ji’ 海防脱险记 [Escaping from Danger in Hải Phòng], in ibid., pp. 941–9.
114 Zhonggong Napo xianwei dangshi bangongshi, Fengfengyuyu qishinian, pp. 23–4.
115 Wang Keming 王克明, ‘Geming lieshi haoqi changcun: Mianhuai Gao Ying lieshi’ 革命烈士浩气长存: 缅怀高瑛烈士 [The noble spirit of the revolutionary martyr will live forever: In memoriam of Martyr Gao Ying’, Zhencang wangluo 珍藏网络, 17 Mar. 2011.
116 Zhonggong Napo xianwei dangshi bangongshi, Fengfengyuyu qishinian, pp. 26–8.
117 Ibid., pp. 28–9.
118 Personal communication with Chen Huaquan, 29 Feb. 2020.
119 Wang Keming, ‘Geming lieshi haoqi changcun: Mianhuai Gao Ying lieshi’.
120 Lu Wen, Zhandou zai Shiwandashan, pp. 9, 876–82; Shi Zhihua 施芝华, ‘Beijin Chongshan’ 北进崇善 [Marching northward toward Chongshan], in ibid., pp. 556–60; Bao Zhou 保洲, ‘Kuayue Shiwandashan zhiyuan pengyou’ 跨越十万大山支援朋友 [Cross the Shiwan Great Mountains to support friends], in ibid., pp. 628–9; Chen Sheng 陈生, Zeng Bao 曾保, ‘Yi he Nanlong zhongtuan bingjian zuozhan’ 忆和南龙中团并肩作战 [Recalling the time when we fought side by side with the Nanlong Regiment], in ibid., pp. 630–34; Huang Dong 黄东, ‘Zhandou zai Yuenan Zhilengqu jiaotongzhan zhong’ 战斗在越南支冷区交通站中 [Working at the transit station in the Zhileng District of Vietnam], in ibid., pp. 929–32; Lan Xi 蓝希, ‘Shiwanshanqu zhuyue lianluozhan’ 十万山区驻越联络站 [The liaison station of the Shiwanshan district in Vietnam], in ibid., pp. 933–5; Yan Duanjiao 严端郊, ‘Mianhuai Dengdage’ 缅怀邓大哥 [In memoriam of Elder Brother Deng], in ibid., pp. 1001–4.
121 Zhuang Yong, ‘Sishinianlai zai Yuenan laodongdang lingdaoxia de Yuenan huaqiao’.