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AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR I – WORLD WAR I IN AMERICA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 September 2018

Manfred Berg  and
Axel Jansen
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Abstract

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Type
Special Issue: Americans and WWI: 100 Years Later
Information
The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , October 2018 , pp. 599 - 607
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2018 

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Footnotes

We would like to thank Martin Hamre for his research support in preparing the introduction. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions for improving this special issue.

References

NOTES

2 Keene, Jennifer D., “Remembering the ‘Forgotten War’: American Historiography on World War 1,” The Historian 78:3 (2016): 439–68, 439, and 467CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For variations of the “forgotten war” theme, see Rubin, Richard, The Last of the Doughboys: The Forgotten Generation and their Forgotten World War (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Harcourt 2013), 6Google Scholar; Snell, Mark A., ed., Unknown Soldiers: The American Expeditionary Forces in Memory and Remembrance (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2008), XVGoogle Scholar; Cooper, John Milton Jr., “The World War and American Memory,” Diplomatic History 38:4 (2014): 727–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 See, e.g., Jones, Heather, “As the Centenary Approaches: The Regeneration of First World War Historiography” in The Historical Journal 56:3 (2013): 857–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Keene, Jennifer, “The United States” in A Companion to World War I, ed. Horne, John (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 508–23Google Scholar; Kennedy, David M., Over Here: The First World War and American Society, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004)Google Scholar; Keene, Jennifer D., The United States and the First World War (Edinburgh: Longman, 2000)Google Scholar; Zieger, Robert H., America's Great War: World War I and the American Experience (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000)Google Scholar; Neiberg, Michael S., The Path to War: How the First World War Created Modern America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016)Google Scholar.

4 “Legacies of World War I: Commemorative Issue” in Diplomatic History 38:4 (2014): 695–893Google Scholar; for a revised book edition, see Zeiler, Thomas W., Ekbladh, David K., and Montoya, Benjamin C., eds, Beyond 1917: The United States and the Global Legacies of the Great War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar; “Interchange: World War I” in Journal of American History 102:2 (2015): 463–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Keene, “Remembering the ‘Forgotten War,’” 447–54; For a recent defense of American opposition to entering the war, see Kazin, Michael, War against War: The American Fight for Peace, 1914–1918 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017)Google Scholar

6 See, e.g., Doenecke, Justus D., Nothing Less than War: A New History of America's Entry into World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Floyd, M. Ryan, Abandoning American Neutrality: Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War, August 1914–December 1915 (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tucker, Robert W., Woodrow Wilson and the Great War: Reconsidering America's Neutrality, 1914–1917 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007)Google Scholar; Hannigan, Robert E., The Great War and American Foreign Policy, 1914–24 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an excellent introduction to the scholarship on Wilson and Wilsonianism, see Kennedy, Ross A., ed., A Companion to Woodrow Wilson (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cooper, John Milton Jr., ed., Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson. Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008)Google Scholar; Ambrosius, Lloyd E., Woodrow Wilson and American Internationalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ikenberry, John G., ed., The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009)Google Scholar; Smith, Tony, Why Wilson Matters: The Origin of American Liberal Internationalism and Its Crisis Today (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017)Google Scholar.

7 On the role of Americans during the neutrality period, see Keene, Jennifer D., “Americans Respond: Perspectives on the Global War, 1914–1917,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 40:2 (2014): 266–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rose, Kenneth D., The Great War and Americans in Europe, 1914–1917 (New York: Routledge, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jansen, Axel, Individuelle Bewährung im Krieg: Amerikaner in Europa, 1914–1917 (Frankfurt and New York: Campus, 2003)Google Scholar; Bruce, Robert B., A Fraternity of Arms: America and France in the Great War (Lawrence: Kansas University Press, 2003)Google Scholar; Dubbs, Chris, American Journalists in the Great War: Rewriting the Rules of Reporting (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Neiberg, Michael, “Blinking Eyes Began to Open: Legacies from America's Road to the Great War, 1914–1917,” Diplomatic History 38:4 (2014): 801–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 Irwin, Julia F., Making the World Safe: The American Red Cross and a Nation's Humanitarian Awakening (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and id., “Taming Total War: Great War-Era American Humanitarianism and Its Legacies,” Diplomatic History 38:4 (2014): 763–75, quotation p. 765CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Concerning efforts at reperiodization, also see Beyond 1917: The United States and the Global Legacies of the Great War, eds. Zeiler, Thomas, Ekbladh, David, and Montoya, Benjamin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar.

9 Cabanes, Bruno, The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

10 Nash, George H., The Life of Herbert Hoover, Vol. 2: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988)Google Scholar.

11 Price, Alan, The End of the Age of Innocence: Edith Wharton and the First World War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998)Google Scholar.

12 Irwin, “Taming Total War,” 770–73, quotation p. 770.

13 Adam Tooze has highlighted the important structural limitations of the U.S. federal government during the period of World War I in The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of the Global Order (New York: Penguin Books, 2015)Google Scholar.

14 Gerstle, Gary, Liberty and Coercion: The Paradox of American Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 89–147Google Scholar; on the development of the federal state generally, see Balogh, Brian, A Government Out of Sight: The Mystery of National Authority in Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and his sequel The Associational State: American Governance in the Twentieth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015)Google Scholar.

15 David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society, 143, Chambers, John Whiteclay, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (New York: Free Press, 1989)Google Scholar, “Interchange: World War I,” 495–96.

16 On American progressives, see Dawley, Alan, Changing the World. American Progressives in War and Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003)Google Scholar.

17 Randolph Bourne, “The State” (1918), in Bourne, Randolph, The Radical Will: Selected Writings, 1911–1918, ed. Hansen, Olaf (New York: Urizen Books, 1977), 382Google Scholar. Also see Livingston, James, “War and the Intellectuals: Bourne, Dewey, and the Fate of Pragmatism,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2:4 (Oct. 2003): 431–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Wiebe, Robert H., The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 293Google Scholar; for a similar critique; see McGerr, Michael A., Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America (New York: Free Press, 2003)Google Scholar.

19 The conversation with Cobb is quoted in Link, Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 398–400Google Scholar.

20 See Creel, George C., How We Advertised America (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920)Google Scholar; Axelrod, Alan, Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009)Google Scholar.

21 Capozzola, Christopher, Uncle Sam Wants You. World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 French historians were pioneers in work on childhood during World War I. See Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane, La guerre des enfants (1914–918). Essai d'histoire culturelle (Paris: Armand Colin, 1993)Google Scholar.

23 For a general overview of how wars have impacted participation rights, see Berg, Manfred, “Soldiers and Citizens: War and Voting Rights in American History” in Reflections on American Exceptionalism, eds. Adams, David K. and van Minnen, Cornelis A. (Keele: Keele University Press, 1994), 188–225Google Scholar.

24 Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, esp. 8–15; for a good historiographical overview, see Kennedy, Kathleen, “Civil Liberties” in A Companion to Woodrow Wilson, ed. Kennedy, Ross A. (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 323–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 Bristow, Nancy K., Making Men Moral: Social Engineering During the Great War (New York: New York University Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Reilly, Kimberly A., “‘A Perilous Venture for Democracy’: Soldiers, Sexual Purity, and American Citizenship in the First World War” in The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 13:2 (2014), 223–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McGirr, Lisa, The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016), esp. XVI–XXII, 31–37Google Scholar.

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28 See Steinson, Barbara J., “Wilson and Woman Suffrage” in A Companion to Woodrow Wilson, ed. Kennedy, Ross A. (Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons, 2013), 343–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brown, Victoria Bissell, “Did Woodrow Wilson's Gender Politics Matter?” in Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson. Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace, ed. Cooper, John M. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 125–62Google Scholar. See Capozzola, Christopher, “Legacies for Citizenship: Pinpointing Americans During and after World War I” in Diplomatic History 38:4 (2014), 713–26, 714CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 Lentz-Smith, Freedom Struggles; Mjagkij, Nina, Loyalty in the Time of Trial: The African American Experience in World War I (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011)Google Scholar; Chad Louis Williams, Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in World War I Era; Krugler, David F., 1919, The Year of Racial Violence: How African Americans Fought Back (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015)Google Scholar.

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33 Lentz-Smith, Adrienne, Freedom Struggles: African Americans and World War I (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Williams, Chad, Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010)Google Scholar, and Jensen, Kimberly, Mobilizing Minerva: American Women in the First World War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008)Google Scholar.

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35 See Schröder, Hans-Jürgen, ed., Confrontation and Cooperation: Germany and the United States in the Era of World War I 1900–1924 (New York: Berg, 1993)Google Scholar; Chickering, Roger, Förster, Stig, eds., Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Boemeke, Manfred F., Feldman, Gerald, and Glaser, Elisabeth, eds., The Versailles Treaty: A Reassessment after 75 Years (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The American Historical Association and the German Historical Association in March 2018 together supported a conference at the German Historical Institute Washington DC on “Settlement and Unsettlement: The Ends of World War I and their Legacies.”