Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T15:46:00.241Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

MACHIAVELLI BEFORE PARETO: FOXES, LIONS, AND THE SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM AS THE RESULT OF NON-LOGICAL ACTIONS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2019

Claire Baldin  and
Ludovic Ragni
Claire Baldin
Affiliation:
University Côte d’Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France
Ludovic Ragni
Affiliation:
University Côte d’Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the way Vilfredo Pareto addresses the dynamics of social equilibrium and the evolution of economic institutions based on the principle of the rupture of the Machiavellian Moment. In the first part, we analyze why and how Pareto’s categories (residues, derivations, interests, \social heterogeneity, logical actions, and non-logical1 actions) borrow from those of Machiavelli (virtù, fortuna, corruptio, and ordine) to define various forms of the Machiavellian Moment. In the second part, we show that this borrowing allows Pareto to explain: (i) the evolution of political equilibriums, from the distinction the author makes between “Maximum of utility FOR a community in sociology” and “Maximum of ophelimity FOR a community in political economy”; and (ii) the alternative between free trade and protectionism.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of the History of Economic Thought , Volume 41 , Issue 2 , June 2019 , pp. 187 - 208
Copyright
Copyright © The History of Economics Society 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aron, Raymond. [1938–1940a] 1993. “Le machiavélisme de Machiavel.” In Aron, Raymond, Machiavel et les tyrannies modernes. Paris: Gallimard, pp. 59–85.Google Scholar
Aron, Raymond. [1938–1940b] 1993. “La comparaison de Machiavel et Pareto.” In Aron, Raymond, Machiavel et les tyrannies modernes . Paris: Gallimard, pp. 86–110.Google Scholar
Aron, Raymond. [1938–1940c] 1993. “Pareto et le machiavélisme du XXe siècle.” In Aron, Raymond, Machiavel et les tyrannies modernes . Paris: Gallimard, pp. 110–122.Google Scholar
Aron, Raymond. [1938–1940d] 1993. “Machiavélisme et tyrannies.” In Aron, Raymond, Machiavel et les tyrannies modernes . Paris: Gallimard, pp. 123–160.Google Scholar
Aron, Raymond. [1960] 1993. “Les antinomies de la politique. Préface au Prince.” In Aron, Raymond, Machiavel et les tyrannies modernes . Paris: Gallimard, pp. 400–404.Google Scholar
Aron, Raymond. [1967] 1993. Les étapes de la pensée sociologique. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Aron, Raymond. 1993. Machiavel et les tyrannies modernes. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Aspers, Patrik. 2001. “Crossing the Boundary of Economics and Sociology: The Case of Vilfredo Pareto.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2): 520–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audier, Serge. 2005. Machiavel, conflit et liberté. Paris: Vrin.Google Scholar
Bergès, Michel. 2000. Machiavel, le penseur masqué ? Bruxelles: Complexes.Google Scholar
Béraud, Alain. 2007. “La notion de loi dans l’œuvre de Pareto.” In Berthoud, Arnaud, Delmas, Bernard, and Demals, Thierry, eds., Y-a-t-il des lois en économie? Lille: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, pp. 271–288.Google Scholar
Boudon, Raymond. 1999. “L’actualité de la distinction parétienne entre ‘actions logiques’ et ‘actions non-logiques’.” In Bouvier, Alban, ed., Pareto aujourd’hui. Paris Puf Ed., pp. 35–70.Google Scholar
Boudon, Raymond. 2000. Etudes sur les sociologues classiques. Volume II. Paris: Puf.Google Scholar
Boudon, Raymond. 2013 . “Les actions logiques et non-logiques selon Pareto.” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 51 (3): 19–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouvier, Alban. 1999a. Pareto aujourd’hui. Paris: Puf.Google Scholar
Bouvier, Alban. 1999b. “La théorie de l’Equilibre Social chez Pareto : une théorie paralléliste. Versant causal et versant intentionnel de l’équilibre social.” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 37 (116): 245–258.Google Scholar
Bridel, Pascal, and Mornati, Fiorenzo. 2009. “De l’équilibre général comme ‘branche de la métaphysique’ ou de l’opinion de Pareto sur le projet walrasien.” Revue économique 60 (4): 869–890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruni, Luigino. [1996] 2002. Vilfredo Pareto and the Birth of Modern Microeconomics. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Bruni, Luigino. 2000. “Una lettura unitaria della thoria delle scelta di Pareto (e delle su intepretazioni).” In Malandrino, Corrado and Machionatti, Roberto, eds., Economia, sociologia e politica nell’opera di Vilfredo Pareto. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, pp. 159–203.Google Scholar
Bruni, Luigino. 2009. “Pareto’s Methodological Project.” In Bruni, Luigino and Montesano, Aldo, eds, New Essays on Pareto’s Economic Theory. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 5–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruni, Luigino, and Montesano, Aldo, eds. 2009. New Essays on Pareto’s Economic Theory. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnham, James. 1943. The Machiavellians—Defenders of Freedom: A Defense of Political Truth against Wishful Thinking. London: Putman.Google Scholar
Busino, Giovanni. 1966. “Introduction.” In Pareto, Vilfredo, Marxisme et économie pure. Volume IX, Œuvres complètes. Genève: Droz, pp. 7–62.Google Scholar
Busino, Giovanni. 1968. Introduction à une histoire de la sociologie de Pareto. Genève: Droz.Google Scholar
Busino, Giovanni. 1999. “L’actualité des travaux de Vilfredo Pareto.” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 37 (116): 359–380.Google Scholar
Busino, Giovanni. 2008. “La science sociale de Vilfredo Pareto?” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 46 (140): 107–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collin, Denis. 2008. Comprendre Machiavel. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Collona D’istria, Gérard, and Frapet, Roland. 1980. L’art politique chez Machiavel. Paris: Vrin.Google Scholar
Federici, Maria C. 1999. “Pareto e i meccanismi sociali. L’approccio metodologico-scientifico nella sua sociologia.” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 37 (116): 191–209.Google Scholar
Femia, Joseph V. 2006. Pareto and Political Theory. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Femia, Joseph V. 2013. “Pareto, Machiavelli, and the Critique of Ideal Political Theory.” European Journal of Social Science 51 (2): 133–148.Google Scholar
Freund, Julien. 1974. Pareto. Paris: Seghers.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl Joachim. 1965. “A Critique of Pareto’s Contribution to the Theory of Political Elite.” Cahiers Vilfredo Pareto 3 (5): 259–267.Google Scholar
Gaille-Nikodimov, Marie. 2001. “Machiavel au prisme du ‘moment machiavélien’.” In Sfez, Gerald and Senellart, Michel, eds., L’enjeu Machiavel. Paris: Puf, pp. 231–239.Google Scholar
Gérard-Varet, Louis-André, and Passeron, Jean-Claude. 1995. Le modèle et l’enquête. Paris: EHESS.Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio. [1931–1933] 1983. “Cahiers de Prison 13,14, 15 : Note sur Machiavel, sur la politique et sur le Prince modern.” In Gramsci, Antonio, Textes. French ed. by André Tosel. Paris: Sociales, pp. 256–257.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. 1952. Œuvres complètes . Paris: Bibliothèque de la pléiade Gallimard.Google Scholar
Maniscalco, Maria L. 1999. “Equilibrio e processi sociali in Vilfredo Pareto.” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 37 (116): 223–236.Google Scholar
Marchionatti, Roberto. 1999. “The Methodological Foundation of Pure and Applied Economics in Pareto: An Anti-Walrasian Program.” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 116 (37): 277–294.Google Scholar
Marchionatti, Roberto, and Gambino, Enrico. 1997. “Pareto and Political Economy as a Science: Methodological Revolution and Analytical Advances in Economic Theory in the 1890s.” Journal of Political Economy 105 (6): 1322–1348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchionatti, Roberto, and Gambino, Enrico. 2000. “L’economia sperimentale di Vilfredo Pareto.” In Malandrino, Corrado and Machionatti, Roberto, eds., Economia, sociologia e politica nell’opera di Vilfredo Pareto. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki editore, pp. 97–122.Google Scholar
Marshall, Alasdair J. 2007. Vilfredo Pareto’s Sociology: A Framework for Political Psychology. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McLure, Michael, and Samuels, Warren J.. [2001] 2014. Pareto, Economics and Society: The Mechanical Analogy. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ménissier, Thierry. 2001. “Qu’est-ce que la vertu républicaine ? Quelques remarques sur l’interprétation de Machiavel dans Le moment machiavélien.” In Sfez, Gérard and Senellart, Michel, eds., L’enjeu Machiavel. Paris: Puf, pp. 241–246.Google Scholar
Ménissier, Thierry. 2013. “Corruption, Virtue and Republic in Machiavelli’s Work.” South-East European Journal of Political Science 1 (4): 51–60.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1891] 1992. "Le protectionnisme en Italie, ses résultats." In Pareto, Vilfredo, Libre-échange, protectionnisme et socialisme. Volume IV. Genève: Droz, pp. 103–114.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1892] 1984. “Traités de commerce.” In Pareto, Vilfredo, Mythes et idéologie, Œuvres complètes. Volume VI. Genève: Droz, pp. 72–81.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1893] 1984. “Les effets de la protection douanière en Italie.” In Pareto, Vilfredo, Mythes et idéologie, Œuvres complètes. Volume VI. Genève: Droz, pp. 82–88.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1896–1897] 1964. Cours d’économie politique. Genève: Droz.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1898] 1966. “Comment se pose le problème de l’économie pure ?” In Pareto, Vilfredo, Marxisme et économie pure, Œuvres complètes. Volume IX. Genève: Droz, pp. 102–109.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1900. “Sul fenomeno economico. Lettera a Benedetto Croce.” Giornale degli economisti (21): 139–162.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1904] 1984. “Concession ou résistance.” In Pareto, Vilfredo, Mythes et idéologie, Œuvres complètes . Volume VI. Genève: Droz, pp. 242–245.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1906-1909] 2014. Manual of Political Economy: A Critical and Variorum Edition. Edited by Montesano, Aldo, Bruni, Luigino, Zanni, Alberto, Chipman, John S., and McLure, Michael. London: University Press Oxford.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1916] 1935. The Mind and the Society: A Treatise on General Sociology. New York: Dover Publications.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1917] 1975. “Discours du Jubilé.” In Pareto, Vilfredo, Jubilé du Professeur V. Pareto, Œuvres complètes. Volume XX. Genève: Droz, pp. 65–70.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo [1918] 1976. “Economia sperimentale.” In Pareto, Vilfredo, Faits et Théories, Œuvres complètes . Volume XXI. Genève: Droz, pp. 97–117.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1920a] 1970. “Le cycle ploutocratique.” In Pareto, Vilfredo, La transformation de la démocratie, Œuvres complètes . Volume XIII. Genève: Droz, pp. 49–58.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. [1920b] 1976. “Epilogue.” In Pareto, Vilfredo, Faits et Théories, Œuvres complètes . Volume XXI. Genève: Droz, pp. 227–275.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1966. Marxisme et économie pure, Œuvres complètes. Volume IX. Genève: Droz.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1970. La transformation de la démocratie, Œuvres complètes. Volume XIII. Genève: Droz.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1975. Jubilé du Professeur V. Pareto, Œuvres complètes Volume XX. Genève: Droz.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1976. Faits et Théories, Œuvres complètes . Volume XXI. Genève: Droz.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1984. Mythes et idéologie, Œuvres complètes . Volume VI. Genève: Droz.Google Scholar
Pareto, Vilfredo. 1992. Libre-échange, protectionnisme et socialisme, Œuvres complètes. Volume IV. Genève: Droz.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passeron, Jean-Claude. 1993. “Pareto et le principe de rationalité.” Revue européenne des sciences sociales 95 (31): 5–56.Google Scholar
Passeron, Jean-Claude. 1995. “Weber et Pareto : La rencontre de la rationalité dans l’analyse sociologique. ” In Gérard-Varet, Louis A. and Passeron, Jean-Claude, eds., Le modèle et l’enquête. Les usages du principe de rationalité dans les sciences sociales . Paris: Edition EHESS, pp. 37–137.Google Scholar
Passeron, Jean-Claude. 2000. “L’économie dans la Sociologie.” In Malandrino, Corrado and Machionatti, Roberto, eds., Economia, sociologia e politica nell’opera di Vilfredo Pareto. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki editore, pp. 25–71.Google Scholar
Perrin, Guy. 1966. La sociologie de Pareto. Paris: Puf.Google Scholar
Pocock, John-Greville-Agard. 1975. The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ragni, Ludovic. 2012. “What Vilfredo Pareto Brought to the Knowledge Economy.” In Arena, Richard, Festré, Agnès, and Lazaric, Nathalie, eds., HandBook of Economic Knowledge . Aldershot: Edward Elgar, pp. 23–48.Google Scholar
Rebhorn, Wayne A. 1988. Foxes and Lions: Machiavelli’s Confidence Men . New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rélang, André. 2003. “La dialectique de la fortune et de la virtù chez Machiavel.” Archives de philosophie 66 (4): 649–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochet, Claude. 2008. “Le bien commun comme main invisible. Le leg de Machiavel à la gestion publique.” Revue Internationale des Sciences Administratives 74 (3): 529–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sfez, Gérald, and Senellart, Michel. 2001. L’enjeu Machiavel. Paris: Puf.Google Scholar
Sfez, Gérald, and Senellart, Michel. 2003. Léo Strauss, lecteur de Machiavel. La modernité du mal. Paris: Ellipses.Google Scholar
Sparling, Robert. 2014. “Le Prince et le problème de la corruption : réflexion sur une aporie machiavélienne.” Les ateliers de l’éthique 9 (1): 8–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, Philippe. 1995. “Vilfredo Pareto et le protectionisme : l’économie politique appliquée, la sociologie générale et quelques paradoxes.” Revue d’économie politique 110 (1): 133–161.Google Scholar
Strauss, Leo. 1958. Thoughts on Machiavelli. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tusset, Gianfranco. 2013. “How Heterogeneity Shapes Vilfredo Pareto’s Social Equilibrium.” History of Economics Review 57 (1): 47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valade, Bernard. 2005. “Le thème élitaire dans l’œuvre de Vilfredo Pareto.” Revue Française d’Histoire des Idées Politiques 22 (2) : 5–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valade, Bernard. 2013. “The Place of History in Pareto’s Thought.” European Journal of Social Sciences 51 (2): 84–101.Google Scholar