Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T20:37:51.035Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

MONETARY THEORY AND CAMERALIST ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, C. 1500–1900 A.D.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 January 2018

Philipp Robinson Rössner
Philipp Robinson Rössner*
Affiliation:
University of Manchester.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

More than England and other states, the German principalities were, in the pre-industrial period, hampered by silver outflow and persistent pressures on the balance of payments, which led to idiosyncratic models and strategies of economic development usually but not entirely helpfully called “Cameralism.” It is less well understood how Cameralism, as a policy of order and development, and monetary theory went together. The present paper will sketch these working mechanisms as well as provide a few angles for new perspectives and future research. A first section after the brief introduction studies general issues of development in relation to balance-of-payment constraints (II), followed by the discourses on whether the domestic currency ought to remain stable in terms of intrinsic (silver) value (III), or whether it may be debased so as to raise domestic exports and competitiveness (IV). Both options were considered, at times and by varying actors, as valid strategies of promoting economic development, especially export-led growth, although most contemporaries viewed coin debasement as harmful to the economy. A fifth section discusses an alternative to the aforementioned strategies, that of raising effective monetary mass through increasing velocity. Since the Middle Ages and into the nineteenth century, the German economic tradition had a clear understanding of how velocity could be managed and the common weal stimulated by an increase in “vivacity” of circulation (V). In hindsight, it appears that we find here a powerful program towards promoting economic development and Europe’s rise towards capitalism. A conclusion will offer some thoughts for further research (VI).

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of the History of Economic Thought , Volume 40 , Issue 1 , March 2018 , pp. 99 - 134
Copyright
Copyright © The History of Economics Society 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adam, Ulrich. 2006. The Political Economy of J. H. G. Justi. Oxford: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Agricola. [1550] 1959. De precio metallorum et monetis libri III. In Prescher, Hans, ed., Georgius Agricola. Schriften über Maße und Gewichte (Metrologie). Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, pp. 337–436.Google Scholar
Ashworth, William J. 2003. Customs and Excise: Trade, Production, and Consumption in England, 1640–1845. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachmann, E. Theodore, and Lehmann, Helmut T., eds. 1960. Luther’s Works. Volume 35: Word and Sacrament I. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress.Google Scholar
Backhaus, Jürgen G. 1994. “The German Economic Tradition: From Cameralism to the Verein für Sozialpolitik.” In Albertone, Manuela and Masoero, Alberto, eds., Political Economy and National Realities: Papers Presented at the Conference Held at the Luigi Einaudi Foundation, Palazzo d’Azeglio, Turin, September 10–12, 1992. Turin: Fondazione Luigi Einaudi, pp. 329–356.Google Scholar
Backhaus, Jürgen G. 2016. “Mercantilism and Cameralism: Two Very Different Variations on the Same Theme.” In Robinson Rössner, Philipp, ed., Economic Growth and the Origins of Modern Political Economy. Economic Reasons of State, 1500–2000. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 72–78.Google Scholar
Baumstark, Eduard. 1835. Kameralistische Encyclopädie: Handbuch der Kameralwissenschaften und ihrer Literatur für Rechts- und Verwaltungsbeamte, Land-Stände, Gemeinde-Räthe und Kameral-Kandidaten. Heidelberg and Leipzig: Karl Groos.Google Scholar
Becher, Johann Joachim. [1668] 1688. Politischer Discurs: Von den eigentlichen Ursachen deß Auf- und Ablebens der Städt, Länder und Republicken. Frankfurt-on-Main: Zunner.Google Scholar
Bensen, Karl Heinrich, Daniel. 1789. Versuch eines systematischen Grundnisses der reinen und angewandten Staatslehre für Kameralisten. Erlangen: Johann Jakob Palm.Google Scholar
Bentzinger, Rudolf, ed. 1983. Die Wahrheit muß ans Licht! Dialoge aus der Zeit der Reformation. Leipzig: Reclam.Google Scholar
Berch, Anders. 1747. Inledning til almanna hushålningen, innefattande grunden til politie, oeconomie och cameral wetenskaperne. Stockholm: Salvius.Google Scholar
Besomi, Daniele, ed. 2013. Crises and Cycles in Economic Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Blaich, Fritz. 1970. Die Wirtschaftspolitik des Reichstags im Heiligen Römischen Reich: ein Beitrag zur Problemgeschichte wirtschaftlichen Gestaltens. Stuttgart: Fischer.Google Scholar
Blaich, Fritz. 1973. Die Epoche des Merkantilismus. Wiesbaden: Steiner.Google Scholar
Blaich, Fritz. 1992. “Die Bedeutung der Reichstage auf dem Gebiet der öffentlichen Finanzen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kaiser, Territorialstaaten und Reichsstädten (1495–1679).” In De Maddalena, Aldo and Kellenbenz, Hermann, eds., Finanzen und Staatsräson in Italien und Deutschland in der frühen Neuzeit. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot, pp. 79–112.Google Scholar
Blaug, Mark. 1985. Economic Theory in Retrospect. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bog, Ingomar. 1959. Der Reichsmerkantilismus; Studien zur Wirtschaftspolitik des Heiligen Römischen Reiches im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart: Fischer.Google Scholar
Böhle, Cilly. 1940. Die Idee der Wirtschaftsverfassung im deutschen Merkantilismus. Jena: Fischer.Google Scholar
Boldizzoni, Francesco. 2005. “La rivoluzione dei prezzi rivisitata: moneta ed economia reale in Alta Italia (1550–1630).” Rivista Storica Italiana 117: 1002–1036.Google Scholar
Boldizzoni, Francesco. 2011. The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Boldizzoni, Francesco. 2016. “The Long Shadow of Cameralism. The Atlantic Order and Its Discontents.” In Rössner, Philipp Robinson, ed., Economic Growth and the Origins of Modern Political Economy. Economic Reasons of State, 1500–2000. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 299–309.Google Scholar
Bonney, Brian. 1999. The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, c. 1200–1815. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bowler, Richard C. 2002. “Menschenbild und Wirtschaftsordnung: Der Menschenbegriff im Kameralismus und in der Nationalkonomie.” Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 25 (4): 283–299.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1982–84. Civilization and Capitalism. Three volumes. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Burckhardt, Wolfram, ed. 1999. Nicolas von Oresme De mutatione monetarum: tractatus = Traktat über Geldabwertungen. Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos.Google Scholar
Carey, Daniel, and Finlay, Christopher, eds. 2011. Empire of Credit: The Financial Revolution in the British Atlantic World, 1688–1815. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chang, Ha-Joon. 2003. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem.Google Scholar
Coenen, Ann. 2016. “Infant Industry Protectionism and Early Modern Growth? Evidence from Eighteenth-Century Entrepreneurial Petitions in the Austrian Netherlands.” In Rössner, Philipp Robinson, ed., Economic Growth and the Origins of Modern Political Economy. Economic Reasons of State, 1500–2000. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 220–239.Google Scholar
Denzel, Markus A. 2012. Der Nürnberger Banco Publico, seine Kaufleute und ihr Zahlungsverkehr (1621–1827). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Denzel, Markus A. 2015. “Das Problem des Wuchers im bargeldlosen Verkehr des späten Mittelalters,” In Schulte, Petra and Hesse, Peter, eds., Reichtum im späten Mittelalter. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, pp. 95–114.Google Scholar
Detloff, Werner. 1980. “Gabriel Biel.” In Balz, Horst Robert et al., eds., Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Volume 6. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, pp. 488–491.Google Scholar
Dittrich, Erhard. 1974. Die deutschen und österreichischen Kameralisten. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Dreissig, Wilhelmine. 1939. Die Geld- und Kreditlehre des deutschen Merkantilismus. Berlin: Dr. Emil Ebering.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry. 2007. The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ekelund, Robert B., and Hébert, Robert F.. 2014. A History of Economic Theory and Method. Sixth edition. Long Grove, IL: Wave Land Press.Google Scholar
Elze, Martino, Steiger, Renata, et al., eds. 1977. Gabrielis Biel, Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Epstein, Stephan R. 2000. Freedom and Growth: The Rise of States and Markets in Europe, 1300–1750. London and New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, Stephan R., and Prak, Marten, eds. 2008. Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eucken, Walter. 1950. Die Grundlagen der Nationalökonomie. Sixth edition. Berlin and Göttingen: Springer.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, Andrea. 2000. Harmony and the Balance: An Intellectual History of Seventeenth-Century English Economic Thought. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Flynn, Dennis O., and Giráldez, Arturo. 1995a. “Arbitrage, China and World Trade in the Early Modern Period.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 38: 429–428.Google Scholar
Flynn, Dennis O., and Giráldez, Arturo. 1995b. “‘Born with a ‘Silver Spoon’: The Origin of World Trade in 1571.” Journal of World History 6: 201–221.Google Scholar
Flynn, Dennis O., and Giráldez, Arturo. 2004. “Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-18th Century.” In Denzel, Markus A., ed., From Commercial Communication to Commercial Integration. Middle Ages to 19th Century. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, pp. 81–111.Google Scholar
Föste, Wilga. 2015. Das Geld im ökonomischen Denken des Merkantilismus. Weimar (Lahn): Metropolis.Google Scholar
Gambles, Anna. 2000. “Free Trade and State Formation: The Political Economy of Fisheries Policy in Britain and the United Kingdom, circa 1780–1850.” Journal of British Studies 39 (3): 288–316.Google Scholar
Geisst, Charles R. 2013. Beggar Thy Neighbor: A History of Usury and Debt. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Graeber, David. 2011. Debt. The First 5000 Years. New York: Melville House.Google Scholar
Grice-Hutchinson, Marjorie. 1991. “Contributions of the School of Salamanca to Monetary Theory as a Result of the Discovery of the New World.” In Moss, Laurence S. and Ryan, Christopher K., eds., Economic Thought in Spain. Selected Essays. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Günzburg, Eberlin von. 1524. Mich wundert, dass kein Gelt ihm land ist. Ein schimpflich doch vnschedlich gesprech dreyer landtfarer vber yetz gemelten tyttel. Eylemburg durch Jac. Stöckel.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter A. 1986. Governing the Economy. The Policies of State Intervention in Britain and France. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harcourt, Bernard. 2011. The Illusion of Free Markets. Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2007. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hassinger, Herbert. 1951. Johann Joachim Becher, 1635–1682: Beitrag zur Geschichte des Merkantilismus. Vienna: Holzhausen.Google Scholar
Heckscher, Eli F. 1932. Der Merkantilismus. Two volumes. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Hoppit, Julian. 2011a. “Bounties, the Economy and the State in Britain, 1689–1800.” In Gauci, Perry, ed., Regulating the British Economy, 1660–1850. Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, pp. 139–160.Google Scholar
Hoppit, Julian. 2011b. “The Nation, the State, and the First Industrial Revolution.” The Journal of British Studies 50 (2): 307–331.Google Scholar
Iserloh, Erwin. 1955. “Biel, Gabriel.” In Neue Deutsche Bibliographie. Volume 2. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot, pp. 225–226.Google Scholar
Jevons, William Stanley. 1875. Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. London: King.Google Scholar
Justi, Johann Gottlob von, Heinrich. 1755. Staatswirtschaft oder systematische Abhandlung aller ökonomischen und Cameralwissenschaft. Leipzig: Breitkopf.Google Scholar
Justi, Johann Gottlob von, Heinrich. [1756] 1782. Grundsätze der Policeywissenschaft.Google Scholar
Keynes, John M. 1936. General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Kötzu, Stefan. 2016. “The Last Scholastic on Money. Gabriel Biel’s Monetary Theory.” In Fox, David and Ernst, Wolfgang, eds., Money in the Western Legal Tradition: Middle Ages to Bretton Woods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–92.Google Scholar
Magnusson, Lars, ed. 1993. Mercantilist Economics. Recent Economic Thought. Boston: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Magnusson, Lars. 2009. Nation, State and the Industrial Revolution: The Visible Hand. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnusson, Lars. 2016. “Was Cameralism Really the German Version of Mercantilism?” In Rössner, Philipp Robinson, ed., Economic Growth and the Origins of Modern Political Economy. Economic Reasons of State, 1500–2000. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 57–71.Google Scholar
Mäkeler, Hendrik. 2003. “Nicolas Oresme und Gabriel BieI. Zur Geldtheorie im späten Mittelalter.” Scripta Mercaturae 37 (1): 56–94.Google Scholar
Malanima, Paolo. 2009. Pre-modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Centuries). Leiden and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. 2009. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1850. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, Mary S. 2006. Measuring Instruments in Economics and the Velocity of Money. Working Papers on the Nature of Evidence: How Well Do ‘Facts’ Travel? 13/06. London: Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Munro, John H. 1993. “Münzkosten.” In North, Michael, ed., Von Aktie bis Zoll. Ein historisches Lexikon des Geldes. Munich: Beck, p. 263.Google Scholar
Munro, John H. 2003. “The Monetary Origins of the ‘Price Revolution.’” In Flynn, Dennis O., Giráldez, Arturo, and von Glahn, Richard, eds., Global Connections and Monetary History, 1470–1800. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Nederman, Cary J. 2009. Lineages of European Political Thought: Explorations Along the Medieval/Modern Divide from John of Salisbury to Hegel. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., Wallis, John J., and Weingast, Barry R.. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, Michael. 1994. Das Geld und seine Geschichte: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Munich: C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Parthasarathi, Prasannan. 2011. Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not. Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peacock, Mark. 2013. Introducing Money. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, J. von, F.. 1781. Grundriss der Finanzwissenschaft nebst einem Anhang über die Unausführbarkeit des physiokratischen Systems. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Philipsen, Dirk. 2015. The Little Big Number: How GDP Came to Rule the World and What to Do about It. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pierenkemper, Toni. 2012. Geschichte des modernen ökonomischen Denkens. Große Ökonomen und ihre Ideen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Politisches Testament an Augustum Churfursten zu Sachssen ein unterteniges bedenken Melchiorn von Osse . [1556] 1922. In Hecker, Oswald Artur, ed., Schriften Dr. Melchiors von Osse: mit einem Lebensabriss und einem Anhange von Briefen und Akten. Leipzig: Teubner.Google Scholar
Potter, William. 1650. The Key of Wealth, or A New Way for Improving Trade. London: “R.A.” Google Scholar
Pribram, Karl. 1992. Geschichte des ökonomischen Denkens. Two volumes. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Priddat, Birger P. 2008. “Kameralismus als paradoxe Konzeption der gleichzeitigen Stärkung von Markt und Staat. Komplexe Theorielagen im deutschen 18. Jahrhundert.” Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 31: 249–263.Google Scholar
Raeff, Marc. 1983. The Well-Ordered Police State: Social and Institutional Change Through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600–1800. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Reden, Sitta von. 2011. Money in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Redish, Angela. 2006. Bimetallism: An Economic and Historical Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reinert, Erik S. 1999. “The Role of the State in Economic Growth.” Journal of Economic Studies 26 (4/5): 268–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinert, Erik S. 2005. “A Brief Introduction to Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff (1626–1692).” European Journal of Law and Economics 19: 221–230.Google Scholar
Reinert, Erik S. 2007. How Rich Countries Got Rich … and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor. London: Constable.Google Scholar
Reinert, Erik S. 2009. “Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (1717–1771)—The Life and Times of an Economist Adventurer.” In Backhaus, Jürgen Georg, ed., The Beginnings of Political Economy: Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi. New York: Springer, pp. 33–74.Google Scholar
Reinert, Erik S., and Rössner, Philipp R.. 2016. “Cameralism and the German Tradition of Development Economics.” In Reinert, Erik S., Ghosh, Jayati, and Kattel, Rainer, eds., Elgar Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, pp. 63–86.Google Scholar
Reinert, Sophus A. 2011. Translating Empire: Emulation and the Origins of Political Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Lissa. 2014. “Practicing Oeconomy during the Second Half of the Long Eighteenth Century: An Introduction.” History and Technology 30 (3): 133–148.Google Scholar
Roncaglia, Alessandro. 2005. The Wealth of Ideas. A History of Economic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Röpke, Hans-Joachim. 1971. “Die Wachstumstheorie der deutschen Merkantilisten.” PhD dissertation. Marburg University, Marburg.Google Scholar
Roscher, Wilhelm. 1854. System der Volkswirthschaft. Ein Hand- und Lesebuch für Geschäftsmänner und Studierende. Erster Band, die Grundlagen der Nationalökonomie enthaltend. Stuttgart and Tübingen: Cotta.Google Scholar
Roscher, Wilhelm. 1863. “Ein grosser Nationalökonom des 14. Jahrhunderts.” Zeitschrift für die gesammte Staatswissenschaft II: 305–318.Google Scholar
Roscher, Wilhelm. 1864. “Die österreichische Nationalökonomik unter Kaiser Leopold I.” Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 2: 25–59, 105–122.Google Scholar
Roscher, Wilhelm. 1874. Geschichte der Nationaloekonomik in Deutschland. Munich: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2012. Deflation—Devaluation—Rebellion. Geld im Zeitalter der Reformation. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2013. “Die (proto)globalen Spannungsfelder und Verflechtungen mitteldeutscher Münz- und Währungspolitik um 1500. Das Beispiel der sächsischen Talerprägung.” In Schattkowsky, Martina, ed., Das Erzgebirge im 16. Jahrhundert: Gestaltwandel einer Kulturlandschaft im Reformationszeitalter. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, pp. 103–158.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2014a. “Monetary Instability, Lack of Integration and the Curse of a Commodity Money Standard. The German Lands, c. 1400–1900 A.D.” Capital and Credit Markets 47 (2): 297–340.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2014b. “Mercantilism as an Effective Resource Management Strategy? Money in the German Empire, c. 1500–1800.” In Isenmann, Moritz, ed., Merkantilismus. Wiederaufnahme einer Debatte. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, pp. 39–64.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2015a. “Merchants, Mercantilism, and Economic Development. The Scottish Way, c. 1700–1815.” Annales Mercaturae 1 (1): 97–126.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2015b. “Heckscher Reloaded? Mercantilism, the State and Europe’s Transition to Industrialization (1600–1900).” The Historical Journal 58 (2): 663–683.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2015c. Martin Luther: On Commerce and Usury. London and New York: Anthem.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson, ed. 2016a. Economic Growth and the Origins of Modern Political Economy. Economic Reasons of State, 1500–2000. Milton Park and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2016b. “New Inroads into Well-Known Territory? On the Virtues of Re-discovering Pre-classical Political Economy.” In Rössner, Philipp Robinson, ed., Economic Growth and the Origins of Modern Political Economy. Economic Reasons of State, 1500–2000. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 3–26.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2016c. “Freie Märkte? Zur Konzeption von Konnektivität, Wettbewerb und Markt im vorklassischen Wirtschaftsdenken und die Lektionen aus der Geschichte.” Historische Zeitschrift 303: 349–392.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2016d. “Burying Money? Monetary Origins and Afterlives of Luther’s Reformation.” History of Political Economy 48 (2): 225–263.Google Scholar
Rössner, Philipp Robinson. 2018 (forthcoming). “Introduction.” In Rössner, Philipp Robinson, ed., Philipp Wilhelm von Hörnigk’s ‘Austria SUPREME (if only it wills so)’: A Strategy for European Economic Supremacy (1684). London and New York: Anthem.Google Scholar
Rothkrug, Lionel. 1965. Opposition to Louis XIV. The Political and Social Origins of the French Enlightenment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sandmo, Agnar. 2011. Economics Evolving. A History of Economic Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sargent, Thomas J., and Velde, François R.. 2003. The Big Problem of Small Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schefold, Bertram, ed. 2000a. Die drei Flugschriften über den Münzstreit der sächsischen Albertiner und Ernestiner. Düsseldorf: Verlag Wirtschaft und Finanzen.Google Scholar
Schefold, Bertram. 2000b. “Wirtschaft und Geld im Zeitalter der Reformation.” In Schefold, Bertram, ed., Vademecum zu drei klassischen Schriften frühneuzeitlicher Münzpolitik. Düsseldorf: Verlag Wirtschaft und Finanzen, pp. 5–58.Google Scholar
Schefold, Bertram. 2004. Beiträge zur ökonomischen Dogmengeschichte. Düsseldorf: Verlag Wirtschaft und Finanzen.Google Scholar
Schefold, Bertram, ed. 2009. Tractatus juridico-politico-polemico-historicus de aerario, sive censu per honesta media absque divexatione populi licite conficiendo, libri duo. Hildesheim and New York: Olms Weidmann.Google Scholar
Schmelzer, Matthias. 2016. The Hegemony of Growth: The OECD and the Making of the Economic Growth Paradigm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schmoller, Gustav von. 1860. “Zur Geschichte der national-ökonomischen Ansichten in Deutschland während der Reformations-Periode.” Zeitschrift für Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 16: 635–638.Google Scholar
Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. 2013. Die Erfindung des allgemeinen Wissens: Enzyklopädisches Schreiben im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Schremmer, Eckart, and Streb, Jochen. 1999. “Revolution oder Evolution? Der Übergang von den feudalen Münzgeldsystemen zu den Papiergeldsystemen des 20. Jahrhunderts.” Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 86: 457–476.Google Scholar
Schröder, Wilhelm von. [1686] 1705. Fürstliche Schatz- und Rentkammer. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1954. History of Economic Analysis. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seabright, Paul. 2004. The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von. [1656] 1720. Teutscher Fürsten-Staat. Frankfurt am Main: Götze.Google Scholar
Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von. 1685. Der Christenstaat. Leipzig: Gleditsch.Google Scholar
Sickinger, Raymond L. 2000. “Regulation or Ruination: Parliament’s Consistent Pattern of Mercantilist Regulation of the English Textile Trade, 1660–1800.” Parliamentary History 19 (2): 211–232.Google Scholar
Simon, Thomas. 2014. “Merkantilismus und Kameralismus. Zur Tragfähigkeit des Merkantilismusbegriffs und seiner Abgrenzung zum deutschen ‘Kameralismus.’ In Isenmann, Moritz, ed., Merkantilismus. Wiederaufnahme einer Debatte. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, pp. 65–82.Google Scholar
Small, Albion W. 1909. The Cameralists: The Pioneers of German Social Polity. New York: Franklin.Google Scholar
Sombart, Werner. [1921] 1928. Der moderne Kapitalismus; historisch-systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Volumes I, II. Fourth edition. Munich and Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.Google Scholar
Sommerfeld, Erich, ed. [1978] 2003. Die Geldlehre des Nicolaus Copernicus. Texte—Übersetzungen—Kommentare. Berlin: Neunplus 1.Google Scholar
Sprenger, Bernd. 1977. “Preisindizes unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Münzsorten als Bezugsgrößen für das 16. und 17. Jahrhundert—dargestellt anhand von Getreidepreisen in Frankfurt/Main.” Scripta Mercaturae 1: 57–69.Google Scholar
Sprenger, Bernd. 2002. Das Geld der Deutschen. Geldgeschichte Deutschlands von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Third edition. Paderborn: Schöningh.Google Scholar
Spufford, Peter. 1998. Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spufford, Peter. 2006. Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Stadermann, Hans-Joachim. [1893] 1999. Der Streit um gutes Geld in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Enthaltend drei Flugschriften über den Münzstreit der sächsischen Albertiner und Ernestiner um 1530 nach der Ausgabe von Walther Lotz. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Stanziani, Allessandro. 2012. Rules of Exchange: French Capitalism in Comparative Perspective, Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. 2011. States of Credit. Size, Power, and the Development of European Polities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Philip, and Wennerlind, Carl, eds. 2014. Mercantilism Reimagined: Political Economy in Early Modern Britain and Its Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strelin, Georg Gottfried. 1788. Realwörterbuch für Kameralisten und Oekonomen: Vierter Band: von Flußarbeit bis Juwelen. Nördlingen: Karl Gottlob Beck.Google Scholar
Sussman, Nathan. 1993. “Debasements, Royal Revenues, and Inflation in France During the Hundred Years’ War, 1415–1422.” The Journal of Economic History 53 (1): 44–70.Google Scholar
Tractat M. Cyriaci Spangenberg vom rechten Brauch und Mißbrauch der Muentze . 1592. In M. Tilemann[us], Muentz Spiegel […]. Frankfurt-on-the-Main.Google Scholar
Tribe, Keith. 1995. Strategies of Economic Order: German Economic Discourse, 1750–1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Volckart, Oliver. 1996. Die Münzpolitik im Ordensland und Herzogtum Preußen von 1370 bis 1550. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Volckart, Oliver. 1997. “Early Beginnings of the Quantity Theory of Money and Their Context in Polish and Prussian Monetary Policies, c. 1520–1550.” Economic History Review, Second Series, 50 (3): 430–449.Google Scholar
de Vries, Jan, and Woude, Ad van der. 1997. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vries, Peer. 2002. “Governing Growth: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of the State in the Rise of the West.” Journal of World History 13: 67–193.Google Scholar
Vries, Peer. 2015. State, Economy and the Great Divergence. Europe, China and the World Economy. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Weidner, Karl. 1931. Die Anfänge einer staatlichen Wirtschaftspolitik in Württemberg. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.Google Scholar
Wennerlind, Carl. 2011. Casualties of Credit: The English Financial Revolution, 1620–1720. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Woll, Helmut. 1999. Kontroversen der Ordnungspolitik. Munich and Vienna: Oldenbourg.Google Scholar
Wood, Diana. 2002. Medieval Economic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé, and O’Brien, Patrick, eds. 2012. The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zanden, Jan Luiten van. 2009. The Long Road to the Industrial Revolution: The European Economy in a Global Perspective, 1000–1800. Leiden and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Zielenziger, Kurt. 1914. Die alten deutschen Kameralisten. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Nationalökonomie und zum Problem des Merkantilismus. Jena: G. Fischer.Google Scholar