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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 August 2016
The favour with which the convening of the present Congress has been received by actuaries of all nations, and the very questions submitted to it by the members, fully show that everywhere the same desire has sprung up, namely that actuaries should know each other personally, so that later on there may be more effective inter-communication of ideas by the interchange of the writings which are periodically published. The question of language is a great obstacle, which it is in our interest to reduce to a minimum. A foreign tongue becomes easier to us, when the technical symbols employed, assuming a form which is familiar to us, indicate the drift of the paragraph. On the other hand, when the same symbol represents, according to the author using it, diametrically opposite ideas, the passage is made more difficult to understand, and the formulas, instead of being an index to its meaning, become a source of error.
page 3 note * The commutation system employed in America is that of Farr. That is to say that the American Nx corresponds to the English Nx-1. Moreover, the Actuarial Society of America has adopted the following symbols:
page 6 note * One portion of the Dutch notation has been borrowed from the work of A. Zillmer, Mathcmatische Rechnungen, 1st Edition.
page 7 note * The word “status” has a wider meaning in England than that given to it here. It includes a single life on which a benefit depends. Thus, in ax, x is a status.—G. K.
page 11 note * On the English method of marking Selection, see Translator's Note on p. 16.—G. K.
page 11 note † In England the notation has also been adopted Nx= Dx + Dx + 1 +&c— G. K.
page 12 note * The English hypothesis does not refer to the time of death, hut is based upon the original practice of paying claims six months after death, that is, approximately at the end of the year of death.—G. K.
page 28 note * A copy of this memorandum follows the discussion.
page 32 note * Correspondence between Mr. George Barrett and Mr. Francis Baily. Professor De Morgan, J.I.A., iv, 185,
page 33 note * 31 December 1894. Companies of the United States, Assets $1,060,000,000. Amount of insurance in force, $4,660,000,000.
page 34 note * Institute of Actuaries' Text-book, p. 109.