Gulf War (GW) veterans were exposed to many neurotoxicants during the 1990-1991 Gulf War. Neurotoxicants included: chemical warfare such as sarin nerve gas, combustion byproducts from oil well fires and diesel fuels from tent heaters, pesticides, and prophylactic anti- nerve gas pyridostigmine bromide pills (PB); all of which have been associated with both cognitive and mood concerns. There are few longitudinal studies that have examined cognitive functioning regarding these toxicant exposures. In our longitudinal Fort Devens cohort, we found decrements over time in the area of verbal learning and memory but no differences in measures of nonverbal memory and executive function. To describe changes more accurately over time in this GW veteran cohort, we examined cognitive functioning in those with probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) versus those without.

The FDC is the longest running cohort of GW veterans with initial baseline cognitive, mood, exposure and trauma assessments in 1997-1998 and follow-up evaluations in 2019-2022. FDC veterans (N=48) who completed both time points were the participants for this study. Veterans were categorized into dichotomous (yes/no) groups of PTSD classification. The PTSD checklist (PCL) was used to determine PTSD case status. Symptom ratings on the PCL were summed (range:17-85) and a cutoff score of 36 or higher was utilized to indicate probable PTSD. Neuropsychological measures of mood (POMS) and memory (Visual Reproductions from the Weschler Memory Scale-R; California Verbal Learning Test Second Edition; CVLT2) and executive function and language; (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System- Color Word and Verbal fluency- Animals) were compared overtime using Paired T-tests.

The study sample (N=48) was 92% male and 96% reported active-duty status at the time of the GW. Mean current age was 58 years. All veterans reported exposure to at least one war-related toxicant. 48% met criteria for probable PTSD (N = 23) while 52% did not (n=25). No differences between groups were found in any of the POMS subscales, nor were differences seen in verbal memory, executive function, or language tasks. There were, however, significant differences in nonverbal memory in those with probable PTSD showing fewer details recalled during delay on the WMS-R Visual Reproductions (p<0.05).

In this longitudinal analysis, GW veterans with PTSD showed declines in nonverbal memory and consistent levels of function in all other tasks. Basic mood scales did not show decline; therefore, these results are not due to generalized changes in mood. All participants reported at least one neurotoxicant exposure and we did not have the power to examine the impact of the individual exposures, thus we cannot rule any contributing factors other than PTSD. This study highlights the importance of longitudinal follow up and continual documentation of GW veterans’ memory performance and their endorsement of mood symptoms overtime. Specifically, these findings reveal that future studies should examine the prolonged course of memory and mood symptomatology in GW veterans who have endorsed a traumatic experience.